Cerebral cortical control of orbicularis oculi motoneurons

Gong, Shusheng; DeCuypere, Michael; Zhao, Yu; LeDoux, Mark S.

doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2005.04.045

Cited by 29 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…6). This region includes a portion of the arm representation of the PMd in more current maps (11,14) and a laterally placed region recently shown to influence muscles involved in eyelid closure (15). Overall, ∼85% of the labeled neurons were located in regions of proximal/ axial representation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Cerebellar vermis is a target of projections from the motor areas in the cerebral cortex

Coffman

Dum

Strick

2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

190

139

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The cerebellum has a medial, cortico-nuclear zone consisting of the cerebellar vermis and the fastigial nucleus. Functionally, this zone is concerned with whole-body posture and locomotion. The vermis classically is thought to be included within the "spinocerebellum" and to receive somatic sensory input from ascending spinal pathways. In contrast, the lateral zone of the cerebellum is included in the "cerebro-cerebellum" because it is densely interconnected with the cerebral cortex. Here we report the surprising result that a portion of the vermis receives dense input from the cerebral cortex. We injected rabies virus into lobules VB-VIIIB of the vermis and used retrograde transneuronal transport of the virus to define disynaptic inputs to it. We found that large numbers of neurons in the primary motor cortex and in several motor areas on the medial wall of the hemisphere project to the vermis. Thus, our results challenge the classical view of the vermis and indicate that it no longer should be considered as entirely isolated from the cerebral cortex. Instead, lobules VB-VIIIB represent a site where the cortical motor areas can influence descending control systems involved in the regulation of whole-body posture and locomotion. We argue that the projection from the cerebral cortex to the vermis is part of the neural substrate for anticipatory postural adjustments and speculate that dysfunction of this system may underlie some forms of dystonia. motor system | virus tracing C lassically, the cerebellum is divided anatomically into three cortico-nuclear zones: a medial zone consisting of the cerebellar vermis and fastigial nucleus, an intermediate zone consisting of paravermal cortex and interposed nuclei, and a lateral zone consisting of the most lateral cerebellar cortex and the dentate nucleus (1, 2). Each of these zones is considered to be functionally distinct. For example, lesions of the vermis result in deficits in whole-body posture and locomotion, whereas lesions of the lateral zone result in deficits in limb movements (2, 3). Current texts include the vermis in the "spinocerebellum" and emphasize that it receives somatic sensory inputs related to the head and proximal parts of the body from ascending spinal pathways. In contrast, the lateral zone is included in the "cerebro-cerebellum" because it is densely interconnected with the cerebral cortex (4).We have begun to examine the inputs to the cerebellar cortex using retrograde transneuronal transport of rabies virus (RV) (5). In the course of these experiments we made the surprising observation that the primary motor cortex (M1) and several of the cortical motor areas on the medial wall of the hemisphere provide a major source of input to lobules VB-VIIIB of the vermis. Furthermore, a substantial portion of this input comes from cortical regions involved in the control of distal as well as proximal limb movements. Thus, our results challenge the classical view of the vermis and indicate that it no longer should be considered as entirely isolated from the...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Cerebellar vermis is a target of projections from the motor areas in the cerebral cortex

Coffman

Dum

Strick

2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

190

139

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“…The nucleus is located in the lower ventrolateral pontine region of the brainstem and is musculotopically organized (Papez, 1927;Szentagothai, 1948;Crosby et al, 1963;Friauf and Herbert, 1985;Jenny and Saper, 1987;Satoda et al, 1987;Welt and Abbs, 1990;Morecraft et al, 2001;Sherwood, 2005). In the non-human primate, cell bodies innervating the orbicularis oculi muscle, which is the focus of this report, are localized in the dorsocentral portion of the nucleus, in an anatomical region designated by most authorities as the intermediate subnucleus (Kuypers, 1958;Jenny and Saper, 1987;Porter et al, 1989;Welt and Abbs, 1990;VanderWerf et al, 1998;Morecraft et al, 2001;Gong et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…For example, brainstem innervation arises from the red nucleus, mesencephalic tegmentum, olivary pretectal nucleus, dorsolateral pontine tegmentum, principle trigeminal nucleus, ventrolateral pontine tegmentum and medullary tegmentum (Travers and Norgren, 1983;Holstege et al, 1984;Holstege et al, 1986;Isokawa-Akesson and Komisaruk, 1987). Additional studies have shown that several regions of the cerebral cortex directly innervate the intermediate subnucleus, including the face region of the primary motor cortex, lateral premotor cortex, supplementary motor cortex, rostral cingulate motor cortex and caudal cingulate motor cortex (Kuypers, 1958;Jenny and Saper, 1987;Morecraft et al, 2001;Gong et al, 2005). Therefore, our findings indicate that terminal projections from extrinsic sources have a high probability of establishing contacts with OO motor neuron somata and their dendrites within the boundaries of the intermediate subnucleus (Figs.…”

Section: Intranuclear Localization Of Oo Motor Neurons and Implicatiomentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of some morphological parameters of orbicularis oculi motor neurons in the monkey

McNeal

Herrick

et al. 2008

Neuroscience

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The primate facial nucleus is a prominent brainstem structure that is composed of cell bodies giving rise to axons forming the facial nerve. It is musculotopically organized, but we know little about the morphological features of its motor neurons. Using the Lucifer yellow intracellular filling method, we examined 17 morphological parameters of motor neurons innervating the monkey orbicularis oculi (OO) muscle, which plays an important role in eye lid closure and voluntary and emotional facial expressions. All somata were multipolar and remained confined to the intermediate subnucleus, as did the majority of its aspiny dendritic branches. We found a mean maximal cell diameter of 54 μm in the transverse dimension, cell diameter of 60 μm in the rostrocaudal dimension, somal surface area of 17,500 μm 2 and somal volume of 55,643 μm 3 . Eight neurons were used in the analysis of dendritic parameters based upon complete filling of the distal segments of the dendritic tree. We found a mean number of 16 dendritic segments, an average dendritic length of 1,036 μm, diameter of 7 μm, surface area of 12,757 μm 2 and total volume of 16,923 μm 3 . Quantitative analysis of the dendritic branch segments demonstrated that the average number, diameter and volume gradually diminished from proximal to distal segments. A Sholl analysis revealed that the highest number of dendritic intersections occurred 60 μm distal to the somal center with a gradual reduction of intersections occurring distally. These observations advance our understanding of the morphological organization of the primate facial nucleus and provide structural features for comparative studies, interpreting afferent influence on OO function and for designing studies pinpointing structural alterations in OO motor neurons that may accompany disorders affecting facial movement.

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“…The cortical control of voluntary blinking involving the OO muscles has recently been identified by retrograde tracing experiments in the monkey [12]. Cortical afferents in OO motoneurons were obtained from multiple motor and sensory areas, e.g.…”

Section: Lid-eye Coordinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Eyelid and Its Contribution to Eye Movements

Helmchen¹,

Rambold²

2007

Developments in Ophthalmology

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Lid and electromyographic recordings have contributed significantly to our understanding of clinical lid disorders. Tonic lid disorders (e.g. ptosis, blepharospasm, lid retraction, blepharocolysis) can be distinguished from dynamic lid disorders (lid lag) and from specific deficits of eye-lid coordination (e.g. lid nystagmus). Electromyographic recordings allow the identification of specific lid disorders that benefit from effective therapeutic interventions, e.g., botulinum toxin injections. Rapid lid closure (blink), which exerts substantial neural influence on oculomotor systems without obscuring vision, can be used for the diagnosis of brainstem disease.

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Cerebral cortical control of orbicularis oculi motoneurons

Cited by 29 publications

References 42 publications

Cerebellar vermis is a target of projections from the motor areas in the cerebral cortex

Cerebellar vermis is a target of projections from the motor areas in the cerebral cortex

Characterization of some morphological parameters of orbicularis oculi motor neurons in the monkey

The Eyelid and Its Contribution to Eye Movements

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