Cerebral cortex assembly: generating and reprogramming projection neuron diversity

Lodato, Simona; Shetty, Ashwin S.; Arlotta, Paola

doi:10.1016/j.tins.2014.11.003

Cited by 79 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…This is further indicated by the nonsignificant trend for the ratio of GABAergic to the total number of neurons to increase between P35 and 45 when the total number of neurons decreases in females indicating that proportionately more non-GABAergic neurons are pruned than GABAergic. Given the extensive diversity of cortical pyramidal neurons, immunocytochemical analysis of glutamatergic pyramidal cells remains impractical (reviewed in Lodato et al, 2014). Thus, we cannot currently exclude the possibility that a small number of GABAergic cells were pruned.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The timing of neuronal loss across adolescence in the medial prefrontal cortex of male and female rats

Willing¹,

Juraska²

2015

Neuroscience

140

111

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Adolescence is a critical period for brain maturation characterized by the reorganization of interacting neural networks. In particular the prefrontal cortex, a region involved in executive function, undergoes synaptic and neuronal pruning during this time in both humans and rats. Our laboratory has previously shown that rats lose neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and there is an increase in white matter under the frontal cortex between adolescence and adulthood. Female rats lose more neurons during this period, and ovarian hormones may play a role as ovariectomy before adolescence prevents neuronal loss. However, little is known regarding the timing of neuroanatomical changes that occur between early adolescence and adulthood. In the present study, we quantified the number of neurons and glia in the male and female mPFC at multiple time points from preadolescence through adulthood (postnatal days 25, 35, 45, 60 and 90). Females, but not males, lost a significant number of neurons in the mPFC between days 35 and 45, coinciding with the onset of puberty. Counts of GABA immunoreactive cell bodies indicated that the neurons lost were not primarily GABAergic. These results suggest that in females, pubertal hormones may exert temporally specific changes in PFC anatomy. As expected, both males and females gained white matter under the prefrontal cortex throughout adolescence, though these gains in females were diminished after day 35, but not in males. The differences in cell loss in males and females may lead to differential vulnerability to external influences and dysfunctions of the prefrontal cortex that manifest in adolescence.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The timing of neuronal loss across adolescence in the medial prefrontal cortex of male and female rats

Willing¹,

Juraska²

2015

Neuroscience

140

111

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“…Cortical interneurons represent approximately 20–30% of the total number of cortical neurons and make local connections within the cortex, which may span multiple layers (Lodato et al 2014b). INs of the cortex are thought to be extremely diverse, and their classification has been work in progress for many years.…”

Section: Evolving Understanding Of Tissue Organization and Neuronal Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Generating Neuronal Diversity in the Mammalian Cerebral Cortex

Lodato

Arlotta

2015

Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol.

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317

266

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The neocortex is the part of the brain responsible for the execution of higher-order brain functions, including cognition, sensory perception and sophisticated motor control. During evolution, the neocortex has developed an unparalleled neuronal diversity, which still remains partly unclassified and unmapped at the functional level. Here, we first broadly review the structural blueprint of the neocortex and discuss the current classification of its neuronal diversity. We then cover the principles and mechanisms that build neuronal diversity during cortical development and consider the impact of neuronal class-specific identity in shaping cortical connectivity and function.

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“…It is widely accepted that many classes of neurons exist; these classes populate different regions and connect different areas of the nervous system. The complexity and diversity of these different populations are being extensively investigated around the world [69,70]. …”

Section: A Complicated Relationship: Oligodendrocyte and Neuronal DIVmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, the cerebral cortex contains an unparalleled heterogeneity of neuronal subtypes, each of which has specific connectivity and functions. The cortical wall has a laminar structure, typically comprising six adjacent layers (I-VI), each containing distinct neuronal subtypes [70,82]. Recently, it was demonstrated that these layers are not uniformly myelinated; rather, myelin is distributed in a gradient, with a density that is higher in the deep layers (layers V-VI) than in the upper layers (layers II-IV) [83].…”

Section: A Complicated Relationship: Oligodendrocyte and Neuronal DIVmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because upper-layer and deep-layer cortical projection neurons differ greatly in gene expression, connectivity and function [70,84], a subtype-specific molecular code that is used to communicate with oligodendrocytes could explain the graded distribution of myelin within the cortical wall as well as the different distributions of myelin along the axons of distinct pyramidal neurons. For example, by clustering different sets of membrane-associated proteins along their axons or by locally releasing subtype-specific molecules, each neuronal subtype may uniquely signal to neighboring oligodendrocytes and thus “choose” its own profile of myelination.…”

Section: A Complicated Relationship: Oligodendrocyte and Neuronal DIVmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diversity Matters: A Revised Guide to Myelination

Tomassy

Dershowitz

Arlotta

2016

Trends in Cell Biology

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The evolutionary success of the vertebrate nervous system is largely due to a unique structural feature - the myelin sheath, a fatty envelope that surrounds the axons of neurons. By increasing the speed by which electrical signals travel along axons, myelin facilitates neuronal communication between distant regions of the nervous system. Here, we review the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate the development of myelin as well as its homeostasis in adulthood. We discuss how finely tuned neuron-oligodendrocyte interactions are central to myelin formation during development and in the adult and how these interactions can have profound implications for the plasticity of the adult brain. We also speculate how the functional diversity of both neurons and oligodendrocytes may impact the myelination process in both health and disease.

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Cerebral cortex assembly: generating and reprogramming projection neuron diversity

Cited by 79 publications

References 80 publications

The timing of neuronal loss across adolescence in the medial prefrontal cortex of male and female rats

The timing of neuronal loss across adolescence in the medial prefrontal cortex of male and female rats

Generating Neuronal Diversity in the Mammalian Cerebral Cortex

Diversity Matters: A Revised Guide to Myelination

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