Cerebral Blood Flow Measurements in Adults: A Review on the Effects of Dietary Factors and Exercise

Joris, Peter J.; Mensink, Ronald P.; Adam, Tanja C.; Liu, Thomas T.

doi:10.3390/nu10050530

Cited by 99 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 77 publications

(99 reference statements)

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“…The primary outcome was working memory, which is a core executive function linked to a wide range of developmental changes, and arithmetic and reading ability,4849 emotion regulation,50 and long term academic and social competence 51. Additional study outcomes included cerebral blood flow, a sensitive marker of brain health,52 which we measured non-invasively using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS). This method agrees with gold standards such as arterial spin labeled MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), fluorescent microspheres, and phase encoded velocity mapping MRI 5354555657.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of food supplementation on cognitive function, cerebral blood flow, and nutritional status in young children at risk of undernutrition: randomized controlled trial

Roberts

Franceschini

Silver

et al. 2020

BMJ

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ObjectiveTo assess the effects of food supplementation on improving working memory and additional measures including cerebral blood flow in children at risk of undernutrition.DesignRandomized controlled trial.Setting10 villages in Guinea-Bissau.Participants1059 children aged 15 months to 7 years; children younger than 4 were the primary population.InterventionsSupervised isocaloric servings (≈1300 kJ, five mornings each week, 23 weeks) of a new food supplement (NEWSUP, high in plant polyphenols and omega 3 fatty acids, within a wide variety and high fortification of micronutrients, and a high protein content), or a fortified blended food (FBF) used in nutrition programs, or a control meal (traditional rice breakfast).Main outcome measurementsThe primary outcome was working memory, a core executive function predicting long term academic achievement. Additional outcomes were hemoglobin concentration, growth, body composition, and index of cerebral blood flow (CBFi). In addition to an intention-to-treat analysis, a predefined per protocol analysis was conducted in children who consumed at least 75% of the supplement (820/925, 89%). The primary outcome was assessed by a multivariable Poisson model; other outcomes were assessed by multivariable linear mixed models.ResultsAmong children younger than 4, randomization to NEWSUP increased working memory compared with the control meal (rate ratio 1.20, 95% confidence interval 1.02 to 1.41, P=0.03), with a larger effect in the per protocol population (1.25, 1.06 to 1.47, P=0.009). NEWSUP also increased hemoglobin concentration among children with anemia (adjusted mean difference 0.65 g/dL, 95% confidence interval 0.23 to 1.07, P=0.003) compared with the control meal, decreased body mass index z score gain (−0.23, −0.43 to −0.02, P=0.03), and increased lean tissue accretion (2.98 cm2, 0.04 to 5.92, P=0.046) with less fat (−5.82 cm2, −11.28 to −0.36, P=0.04) compared with FBF. Additionally, NEWSUP increased CBFi compared with the control meal and FBF in both age groups combined (1.14 mm2/s×10−8, 0.10 to 2.23, P=0.04 for both comparisons). Among children aged 4 and older, NEWSUP had no significant effect on working memory or anemia, but increased lean tissue compared with FBF (4.31 cm2, 0.34 to 8.28, P=0.03).ConclusionsChildhood undernutrition is associated with long term impairment in cognition. Contrary to current understanding, supplementary feeding for 23 weeks could improve executive function, brain health, and nutritional status in vulnerable young children living in low income countries. Further research is needed to optimize nutritional prescriptions for regenerative improvements in cognitive function, and to test effectiveness in other vulnerable groups.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT03017209.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of food supplementation on cognitive function, cerebral blood flow, and nutritional status in young children at risk of undernutrition: randomized controlled trial

Roberts

Franceschini

Silver

et al. 2020

BMJ

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“…In line with this, other studies have found PI to be associated with a decrease in mean blood flow velocity . Mean flow velocity measured with transcranial Doppler is considered an indirect measure of cerebral blood flow, but the reliability of this surrogate marker of cerebral blood flow is yet uncertain …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Carotid Atherosclerosis is Associated with Middle Cerebral Artery Pulsatility Index

Vigen

Ihle‐Hansen

Lyngbakken

et al. 2019

Journal of Neuroimaging

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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Pulsatility index (PI) in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) is considered a measure of peripheral vascular resistance. Several established cardiovascular risk factors are common for both MCA PI and carotid atherosclerosis. Accordingly, in the present study we hypothesized an association between ultrasound‐derived indices of carotid atherosclerosis and MCA PI. METHODS All residents in Akershus County, born in 1950, were invited to a cardiovascular examination, The Akershus Cardiac Examination (ACE) 1950 Study (2012‐2015). A thorough ultrasound examination was performed to assess indices of atherosclerosis in the carotid arteries, and PI in the MCAs. In all, 3154 (85.1%) had adequate transcranial and carotid data. Associations between indices of carotid atherosclerosis and MCA PI were assessed by regression analyses adjusted for established cardiovascular risk factors. RESULTS Mean age was 64 (standard deviation [SD]: .6) years, and 1,357 (43%) were women. Mean MCA PI was .97 (SD: .17). Participants in the upper quartile of MCA PI had higher pulse pressure, more frequently hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and a history of coronary artery disease. Both carotid plaque score (B .007 [95% CI: .003‐.010]) and carotid intimamedia thickness (B .173 [95% CI: .120‐.226]) were significantly associated with MCA PI in adjusted analysis. The model R2 was .055. CONCLUSION In a population‐based sample of middle‐aged adults, ultrasound‐derived indices of carotid atherosclerosis were independently associated with MCA PI. However, the overall explained variance of MCA PI was low, suggesting other factors than atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk factors to play an important role for MCA PI.

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“…This is inconsistent with literature that showed nitrate, given as BRJ supplement, improved reaction time and cognitive performance 7,[49][50][51] . A plausible mechanism underlying nitrate-induced cognitive improvements is increased vasodilation, yielding improved CBF 7,9,52,53 . This is exemplified by a study in older adults where two days of consuming a high nitrate diet increased regional cerebral perfusion in frontal lobe white matter, particularly between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex 52 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrate and nitrite exposure increases anxiety-like behavior and alters brain metabolomic profile in zebrafish

García-Jaramillo

Beaver

Truong

et al. 2020

Preprint

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IntroductionDietary nitrate lowers blood pressure and improves athletic performance in humans, yet data supporting observations that it may increase cerebral blood flow and improve cognitive performance are mixed. Here we tested the hypothesis that nitrate and nitrite treatment would improve indicators of learning and cognitive performance in a zebrafish (Danio rerio) model. We also explored the extent to which nitrate and nitrite treatment affected the brain metabolome in order to understand how nitrate and nitrite supplementation may affect indices of cognitive function.MethodsFish were exposed to sodium nitrate (606.9 mg/L), sodium nitrite (19.5 mg/L), or control water for 2-4 weeks and free swim, startle response, innate predator avoidance, social cohesion, and shuttle box assays were performed.ResultsNitrate and nitrite treatment did not change fish weight, length, predator avoidance, or distance and velocity traveled in an unstressed environment. Nitrate- and nitrite-treated fish initially experienced more negative reinforcement and increased time to decision in the shuttle box assay, which is consistent with a decrease in associative learning or executive function however, over multiple trials, all treatment groups demonstrated behaviors associated with learning. Nitrate and nitrite treatment significantly increased anxiety-like behavior but did not alter epinephrine, norepinephrine or dopamine levels. Targeted LC-MS/MS analysis revealed no significant increase in brain nitrate or nitrite concentrations with treatment. An untargeted metabolomics analysis found 47 metabolites whose abundance was significantly altered in the brain with nitrate and nitrite treatment including an 18-19% reduction in the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and 17-22% reduction in its precursor, glutamine, which may contribute to the increased anxiety-like behavior.ConclusionNitrate and nitrite treatment did not adversely affect multiple parameters of zebrafish health but was associated with mild anxiety-like behavior, changes in the brain metabolome, and caused a short-term decrease in executive function or associative learning.

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Cerebral Blood Flow Measurements in Adults: A Review on the Effects of Dietary Factors and Exercise

Cited by 99 publications

References 77 publications

Effects of food supplementation on cognitive function, cerebral blood flow, and nutritional status in young children at risk of undernutrition: randomized controlled trial

Effects of food supplementation on cognitive function, cerebral blood flow, and nutritional status in young children at risk of undernutrition: randomized controlled trial

Carotid Atherosclerosis is Associated with Middle Cerebral Artery Pulsatility Index

Nitrate and nitrite exposure increases anxiety-like behavior and alters brain metabolomic profile in zebrafish

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