Cerebral Atrophy Associated with Boxing

Neubuerger, Karl T.

doi:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1959.02340160001001

Cited by 65 publications

(26 citation statements)

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“…Occasional early studies in boxers described senile plaques, 17,52 whereas others reported a complete absence of plaques, with some suggesting that this observation may provide the potential to distinguish CTE from AD. 17,53,54 In the original Corsellis et al study, for example, plaques were observed in only five of 15 cases. 18 However, following the advent of Aβ immunohistochemistry, revisitation of Corsellis’ original material by Roberts et al revealed a further seven cases with plaques—often extensive—in immunohistochemically stained sections, which had previously been identified as plaque-negative using routine silver staining (Figure 2).…”

Section: The Chronic Neuropathologies Of Tbimentioning

confidence: 95%

“…52 Over the next two decades, only a further eight cases were reported by multiple groups, 17,32,53–56 and although many of these reports described shared neuropathological features, speculation remained as to whether the findings could reliably be attributed to boxing.…”

Section: The Chronic Neuropathologies Of Tbimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…18–20,23,24,28,31, 52–54,56,59,61–63,71,108 In addition to neuronal dropout in the cerebral cortex, several reports describe specific regions or structures with notable cell loss, including the hippocampus, 18,53 locus coeruleus 18,19,54,61,63,108 and cerebellum. 18,19,23,24,31,52,53,56,71 Varying distributions of cell loss have been described, from widespread and diffuse, to more ‘patchy’ or selective changes.…”

Section: The Chronic Neuropathologies Of Tbimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chronic neuropathologies of single and repetitive TBI: substrates of dementia?

2013

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has long been recognized to be a risk factor for dementia. This association has, however, only recently gained widespread attention through the increased awareness of ‘chronic traumatic encephalopathy’ (CTE) in athletes exposed to repetitive head injury. Originally termed ‘dementia pugilistica’ and linked to a career in boxing, descriptions of the neuropathological features of CTE include brain atrophy, cavum septum pellucidum, and amyloid-β, tau and TDP-43 pathologies, many of which might contribute to clinical syndromes of cognitive impairment. Similar chronic pathologies are also commonly found years after just a single moderate to severe TBI. However, little consensus currently exists on specific features of these post-TBI syndromes that might permit their confident clinical and/or pathological diagnosis. Moreover, the mechanisms contributing to neurodegeneration following TBI largely remain unknown. Here, we review the current literature and controversies in the study of chronic neuropathological changes after TBI.

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Section: The Chronic Neuropathologies Of Tbimentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: The Chronic Neuropathologies Of Tbimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Chronic Neuropathologies Of Tbimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chronic neuropathologies of single and repetitive TBI: substrates of dementia?

2013

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“…91 Case reports and series started to appear several decades later, during the 1950s and 1960s, describing pathological features associated with this condition such as cerebral atrophy, neuronal loss, gliosis, and argyrophilic neurofibrillary tangles. 18,27,81,102,123 Over time, investigators began to realize that the neurocognitive deficits seen in dementia pugilistica also affected men and women subjected to a broad range of brain trauma including physical abuse, head banging, poorly controlled epilepsy, and rugby. As discussed by McKee et al, 86 the term "chronic traumatic encephalopathy" was first introduced by Critchley in 1949 to more generally describe this condition as a collection of clinical symptoms.…”

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confidence: 99%

Sports-related brain injuries: connecting pathology to diagnosis

Pan¹,

Connolly²,

Dangelmajer³

et al. 2016

FOC

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Neurosurg Focus 40 (4):E14, 2016M any sports-related brain injuries involve mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs), which result from physical blows to the head sustained over a period of time. Sports associated with an increased risk of head injury include American football, ice hockey, soccer, rugby, the martial arts, boxing, and bicycling. 21,90 These injuries are often unrecognized, undiagnosed, or underreported, which reflects the fact that this is a growing medical concern, often labeled a "silent epidemic." 8,66 Chronic exposure to mild brain injuries can result in long-term neurological consequences and represents a spectrum of disorders. The most remarkable outcome of mTBI is termed chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a clinical syndrome that is associated with neurodegeneration and behavioral, cognitive, and/or motor deficits. Although this disease has distinct pathological features, CTE is considered a diagnosis of exclusion because only postmortem biopsies can confirm the diagnosis. Therefore, new diagnostic methods need to be developed to: 1) inform patients of a definitive diagnosis, 2) better understand the epidemiology and risk factors of the disease, and 3) implement intervention programs to prevent any potential long-term complications. This review examines how understanding the pathology and molecular changes associated with repeated head trauma can lead to the discovery of novel imaging techniques and biomarkers. Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and CTEChronic traumatic encephalopathy has evolved from the so-called punch-drunk syndrome, which was used to describe a distinct neuropsychiatric condition that seemed to affect boxers, eventually becoming known as dementia pugilistica during the 1920s and 1930s. Symptoms such ABBrEvIATIoNs AD = Alzheimer's disease; APOE = apolipoprotein E; ASL = arterial spin labeling; BBB = blood-brain barrier; BOLD = blood oxygen level-dependent; CA = cornu ammonis; CTE = chronic traumatic encephalopathy; DTI = diffusion tensor imaging; FA = fractional anisotropy; fMRI = functional MRI; GFAP = glial fibrillary acidic protein; GRE = gradient recall echo; miRNA = microRNA; MRS = MR spectroscopy; mTBI = mild traumatic brain injury; NFL = National Football League; NFT = neurofibrillary tangle; NINDS = National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke; NSE = neuron-specific enolase; p-tau = phosphorylated tau; SWI = susceptibility-weighted imaging; TDP-43 = TAR DNA-binding protein 43;18 F-FDDNP = 2-(1-{6- [(2-[fluorine-18] Brain injuries are becoming increasingly common in athletes and represent an important diagnostic challenge. Early detection and management of brain injuries in sports are of utmost importance in preventing chronic neurological and psychiatric decline. These types of injuries incurred during sports are referred to as mild traumatic brain injuries, which represent a heterogeneous spectrum of disease. The most dramatic manifestation of chronic mild traumatic brain injuries is termed chronic traumatic encephalopathy, which is associated with profo...

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“…24 26 27 There have been a number of individual case reports with varying amounts of clinical and pathological information provided. [28][29][30][31] In only one of these case reports was a cavum septum pellucidum noted. 31 Payne studied six boxers, all of which had a cavum septum (with fenestrations noted in three).…”

Section: Neuropathological Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Of UFOs and other thoughts

McCrory¹

2002

Br J Sports Med

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Cerebral Atrophy Associated with Boxing

Cited by 65 publications

References 4 publications

Chronic neuropathologies of single and repetitive TBI: substrates of dementia?

Chronic neuropathologies of single and repetitive TBI: substrates of dementia?

Sports-related brain injuries: connecting pathology to diagnosis

Of UFOs and other thoughts

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