Cerebellum, Language, and Cognition in Autism and Specific Language Impairment

Hodge, Steven; Makris, Nikos; Kennedy, David N.; Caviness, Verne S.; Howard, James D.; McGrath, Lauren M.; Steele, Shelley; Frazier, Jean A.; Tager–Flusberg, Helen; Harris, Gordon J.

doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0872-7

Cited by 121 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 130 publications

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“…Although the cerebellum has historically been considered to be involved in motor coordination, it also has been shown to have a role in modulating emotion, language, and executive function (Hodge et al, 2010). Volumetric studies of the cerebellum in ASDs have included the vermis and total cerebellum.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging of autism spectrum disorders

et al. 2011

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The neurobiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) has become increasingly understood since the advent of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Initial observations of an above-average head circumference were supported by structural MRI studies that found evidence of increased total brain volume and early rapid brain overgrowth in affected individuals. Subsequent research revealed consistent abnormalities in cortical gray and white matter volume in ASDs. The structural integrity and orientation of white matter have been further elucidated via diffusion tensor imaging methods. The emergence of functional MRI techniques led to an enhanced understanding of the neural circuitry of ASDs, demonstrating areas of dysfunctional cortical activation and atypical cortical specialization. These studies have provided evidence of underconnectivity in distributed cortical networks integral to the core impairments associated with ASDs. Abnormalities in the default-mode network during the resting state have also been identified. Overall, structural and functional MRI research has generated important insights into the neurobiology of ASDs. Additional research is needed to further delineate the underlying brain basis of this constellation of disorders.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging of autism spectrum disorders

et al. 2011

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“…Tau, which was the primary measure of ISV, represents the mean of the exponential component of the distribution. Ex-Gaussian RT estimates and a goodness-of-fit value, with lower values indicating better fit to the ex-Gaussian model, were computed in Matlab version 7.1 (Hodge et al 2010) using the DISTRIB toolbox (Lacouture and Cousineau 2008), during which data converged for all participants. Although commission errors and tau were the focus of these analyses, other performance measures are presented in Table 2 including omission error rate (proportion of go trials on which the participant did not respond), RT mean, RT standard deviation, and RT coefficient of variation (RT standard deviation/RT mean).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive Load Differentially Impacts Response Control in Girls and Boys with ADHD

Seymour

Mostofsky

Rosch

2015

J Abnorm Child Psychol

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Children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) consistently show impaired response control, including deficits in response inhibition and increased intrasubject variability (ISV) compared to typically-developing (TD) children. However, significantly less research has examined factors that may influence response control in individuals with ADHD, such as task or participant characteristics. The current study extends the literature by examining the impact of increasing cognitive demands on response control in a large sample of 81children with ADHD (40 girls) and 100 TD children (47 girls), ages 8–12 years. Participants completed a simple Go/No-Go (GNG) task with minimal cognitive demands, and a complex GNG task with increased cognitive load. Results showed that increasing cognitive load differentially impacted response control (commission error rate and tau, an ex-Gaussian measure of ISV) for girls, but not boys, with ADHD compared to same-sex TD children. Specifically, a sexually dimorphic pattern emerged such that boys with ADHD demonstrated higher commission error rate and tau on both the simple and complex GNG tasks as compared to TD boys, whereas girls with ADHD did not differ from TD girls on the simple GNG task, but showed higher commission error rate and tau on the complex GNG task. These findings suggest that task complexity influences response control in children with ADHD in a sexually dimorphic manner. The findings have substantive implications for the pathophysiology of ADHD in boys versus girls with ADHD.

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“…Indeed, a recent structural analysis of the cerebellum in children with autism revealed differences within the group when they were segregated according to whether those children did or did not have language impairment (Hodge et al, 2010). Specifically, the results showed differences in left posterior lateral cerebellar lobule VIIIA (which was larger for children with autism with language impairment), and in right cerebellar lobule VIIA (where children with autism without language impairment and typical controls had increased volume).…”

Section: Cerebellar Contributions To Language and Its Development: Dementioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebellar Contributions to Language in Typical and Atypical Development: A Review

Vias

Dick

2017

Developmental Neuropsychology

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In this review, we present the growing literature suggesting, from a variety of angles, that the cerebellum contributes to higher-order cognitive functions, rather than simply sensorimotor functions, and more specifically to language and its development. The cerebellum’s association with language function is determined by the specific cortico-cerebellar connectivity to the right cerebellum from the left cortical hemisphere. The findings we review suggest that the cerebellum plays an important role as part of a broader language network, and also implies that the cerebellum may be a potential new therapeutic target to treat speech and language deficits, especially during development.

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Cerebellum, Language, and Cognition in Autism and Specific Language Impairment

Cited by 121 publications

References 130 publications

Structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging of autism spectrum disorders

Structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging of autism spectrum disorders

Cognitive Load Differentially Impacts Response Control in Girls and Boys with ADHD

Cerebellar Contributions to Language in Typical and Atypical Development: A Review

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