Cerebellum and Timing

Spencer, Rebecca M. C.; Ivry, Richard B.

doi:10.1007/978-94-007-1333-8_52

Cited by 40 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 101 publications

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“…In addition to evidence indicating that the cerebellum is important for the formation of internal models of behavior, others have argued that the cerebellum is important for the timing of behaviors (Keele and Ivry, 1990; Spencer and Ivry, 2013), or that the main function of the cerebellum is in sequence processing (Molinari and Leggio, 2013; Molinari and Petrosini, 1997). Neither of these hypotheses are mutually exclusive of internal models, and indeed they may be indicative of the computations made by the cerebellum as part of these internal models.…”

Section: 1 a Framework For The Cerebellum In Agingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Moving forward: Age effects on the cerebellum underlie cognitive and motor declines

Seidler

2014

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

177

170

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Though the cortical contributions to age-related declines in motor and cognitive performance are well-known, the potential contributions of the cerebellum are less clear. The diverse functions of the cerebellum make it an important structure to investigate in aging. Here, we review the extant literature on this topic. To date, there is evidence to indicate that there are morphological age differences in the cerebellum that are linked to motor and cognitive behavior. Cerebellar morphology is often as good as -- or even better -- at predicting performance than the prefrontal cortex. We also touch on the few studies using functional neuroimaging and connectivity analyses that further implicate the cerebellum in age-related performance declines. Importantly, we provide a conceptual framework for the cerebellum influencing age differences in performance, centered on the notion of degraded internal models. The evidence indicating that cerebellar age differences associate with performance highlights the need for additional work in this domain to further elucidate the role of the cerebellum in age differences in movement control and cognitive function.

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Section: 1 a Framework For The Cerebellum In Agingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Moving forward: Age effects on the cerebellum underlie cognitive and motor declines

Seidler

2014

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

177

170

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“…Spencer and colleagues [40, 41**, but see 42] found that individuals with cerebellar degeneration exhibit minimal impairment when producing circles at a constant rate. This performance stands in contrast to the increased variability observed when the periodic movements are produced by finger tapping or alternating phases of circle drawing and pauses.…”

Section: The Role Of the Cerebellum In Explicit And Implicit Motor Timentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A common denominator to these tasks is that timing can be based on some form of continuous dynamics. One example from the motor domain is circle drawing in which it has been proposed that the continuous nature of the movements allows timing to become implicit [41**]. In the perceptual domain, representative explicit and implicit tasks include beat-based temporal discriminations and rhythmic orientation, respectively.…”

Section: Absence Of Cerebellar Involvement In Temporal Representationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Alternatively, in continuous cyclic contexts, timing may be an emergent property of system dynamics. For example, temporal regularities in circle drawing can emerge from a control parameter such as the maintenance of a constant angular velocity [40, 41**]. In rhythm-based perceptual timing, a similar indirect representation of time could come about from the exploitation of neural oscillations in sensory circuits.…”

Section: Absence Of Cerebellar Involvement In Temporal Representationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Taxonomies of timing: where does the cerebellum fit in?

Breska

Ivry

2016

Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences

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Recent models of interval timing have emphasized local, modality-specific processes or a core network centered on a cortico-thalamic-striatal circuit, leaving the role of the cerebellum unclear. We examine this issue, using current taxonomies of timing as a guide to review the association of the cerebellum in motor and perceptual tasks in which timing information is explicit or implicit. Evidence from neuropsychological, neurophysiological, and neuroimaging studies indicates that the involvement of the cerebellum in timing is not restricted to any subdomain of this taxonomy. However, an emerging pattern is that tasks in which timing is done in cyclic continuous contexts do not rely on the cerebellum. In such scenarios, timing may be an emergent property of system dynamics, and especially oscillatory entrainment. The cerebellum may be necessary to time discrete intervals in the absence of continuous cyclic dynamics.

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“…In the last decade, different model-based theories have been advanced to provide a theoretical framework in which a unitary mode of operation could be proposed for all the many cerebellar functional domains. The cerebellum has been linked to the representation of temporal information [8]. It has been proposed as a "universal cerebellar transform" that allows to maintain any type of behavior, motor or cognitive, around a homeostatic baseline [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebellar Sequencing: a Trick for Predicting the Future

2014

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"Looking into the future" well depicts one of the most significant concepts in cognitive neuroscience: the brain is constantly predicting future events. Such directedness toward the future has been recognized to be relevant to and beneficial for many aspects of information processing in humans, such as perception, motor and cognitive control, decision-making, theory of mind, and other cognitive processes. Because one of the most adaptive characteristics of the brain is to correct errors, the ability to look into the future represents the best chance to avoid repeating errors. Within the structures that constitute the "predictive brain," the cerebellum has been proposed to have a central function, based on its ability to generate internal models. We suggested that "sequence detection" is the operational mode of the cerebellum in predictive processing. According to this hypothesis, the cerebellum detects and simulates repetitive patterns of temporally or spatially structured events and generates internal models that can be used to make predictions. Consequently, we demonstrate that the cerebellum recognizes serial events as a sequence, detects a sequence violation, and successfully reconstructs the correct sequence of events. Thus, we hypothesize that pattern detection and prediction and processing of anticipation are cerebellum-specific functions within the brain and that the sequence detection hypothesis links the multifarious impairments that are reported in patients with cerebellar damage. We propose that this cerebellar operational mode can advance our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms in various clinical conditions, such as schizophrenia and autism.

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Cerebellum and Timing

Cited by 40 publications

References 101 publications

Moving forward: Age effects on the cerebellum underlie cognitive and motor declines

Moving forward: Age effects on the cerebellum underlie cognitive and motor declines

Taxonomies of timing: where does the cerebellum fit in?

Cerebellar Sequencing: a Trick for Predicting the Future

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