Cerebellar forward models to control movement

Stein, John

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2008.167627

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Wolpert and Ghahramani ( 2000 ), describing an optimal sensorimotor control system more generally, propose the existence of a “Forward Model” in the central nervous system, which takes motor commands (using efference copies) as its input and calculates the sensory signals that are likely to be produced as a result of any impending movements (termed the “reafference”); this output can then be relayed to other parts of the brain for use in several different computations, as discussed below. The forward model also works in concert with an “inverse model,” which performs the translation in the opposite direction; that is, the inverse model starts with a desired outcome and selects the appropriate movements required to achieve this (Stein, 2009 ), and is thus based on prior experience.…”

Section: The Mediodorsal Thalamus Functioning In Cognitive Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive Functions and Neurodevelopmental Disorders Involving the Prefrontal Cortex and Mediodorsal Thalamus

2018

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The mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus (MD) has been implicated in executive functions (such as planning, cognitive control, working memory, and decision-making) because of its significant interconnectivity with the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Yet, whilst the roles of the PFC have been extensively studied, how the MD contributes to these cognitive functions remains relatively unclear. Recently, causal evidence in monkeys has demonstrated that in everyday tasks involving rapid updating (e.g., while learning something new, making decisions, or planning the next move), the MD and frontal cortex are working in close partnership. Furthermore, researchers studying the MD in rodents have been able to probe the underlying mechanisms of this relationship to give greater insights into how the frontal cortex and MD might interact during the performance of these essential tasks. This review summarizes the circuitry and known neuromodulators of the MD, and considers the most recent behavioral, cognitive, and neurophysiological studies conducted in monkeys and rodents; in total, this evidence demonstrates that MD makes a critical contribution to cognitive functions. We propose that communication occurs between the MD and the frontal cortex in an ongoing, fluid manner during rapid cognitive operations, via the means of efference copies of messages passed through transthalamic routes; the conductance of these messages may be modulated by other brain structures interconnected to the MD. This is similar to the way in which other thalamic structures have been suggested to carry out forward modeling associated with rapid motor responding and visual processing. Given this, and the marked thalamic pathophysiology now identified in many neuropsychiatric disorders, we suggest that changes in the different subdivisions of the MD and their interconnections with the cortex could plausibly give rise to a number of the otherwise disparate symptoms (including changes to olfaction and cognitive functioning) that are associated with many different neuropsychiatric disorders. In particular, we will focus here on the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia and suggest testable hypotheses about how changes to MD-frontal cortex interactions may affect cognitive processes in this disorder.

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Section: The Mediodorsal Thalamus Functioning In Cognitive Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive Functions and Neurodevelopmental Disorders Involving the Prefrontal Cortex and Mediodorsal Thalamus

2018

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“…Specifically, it has been hypothesized that fastigial neurons compare the predictions generated by the cerebellar cortex (i.e., forward model) with the sensory consequences of those predictions. The error or sensory prediction error generated through this comparison is used to modify the forward model (53)(54)(55)(56)(57)(58)(59). For this relatively simple comparator network to work, the gain and phase of the prediction must match those of the sensory consequences.…”

Section: Formation Of Translation-related Information In Pcs Depends mentioning

confidence: 99%

Translation information processing is regulated by protein kinase C-dependent mechanism in Purkinje cells in murine posterior vermis

Hernández

Zeeuw

Zhang

et al. 2020

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The cerebellar posterior vermis generates an estimation of our motion (translation) and orientation (tilt) in space using cues originating from semicircular canals and otolith organs. Theoretical work has laid out the basic computations necessary for this signal transformation, but details on the cellular loci and mechanisms responsible are lacking. Using a multicomponent modeling approach, we show that canal and otolith information are spatially and temporally matched in mouse posterior vermis Purkinje cells and that Purkinje cell responses combine translation and tilt information. Purkinje cell-specific inhibition of protein kinase C decreased and phase-shifted the translation component of Purkinje cell responses, but did not affect the tilt component. Our findings suggest that translation and tilt signals reach Purkinje cells via separate information pathways and that protein kinase C-dependent mechanisms regulate translation information processing in cerebellar cortex output neurons.

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“…We used the linear support vector machine (SVM) implemented in LIBSVM 2 with default parameters (a fixed regularization parameter C = 1). Because it has been suggested that the cerebellum is involved in internal models (Shadmehr and Holcomb, 1997;Imamizu et al, 2000;Shadmehr and Krakauer, 2008;Cerminara et al, 2009;Stein, 2009), we targeted the anterior and posterior cerebellum as ROIs, which were anatomically defined with the AAL atlas and split into the left and right sides.…”

Section: Multi-voxel Pattern Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroimaging Examination of Driving Mode Switching Corresponding to Changes in the Driving Environment

Ohata

Ogawa

Imamizu

2022

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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Car driving is supported by perceptual, cognitive, and motor skills trained through continuous daily practice. One of the skills that characterize experienced drivers is to detect changes in the driving environment and then flexibly switch their driving modes in response to the changes. Previous functional neuroimaging studies on motor control investigated the mechanisms underlying behaviors adaptive to changes in control properties or parameters of experimental devices such as a computer mouse or a joystick. The switching of multiple internal models mainly engages adaptive behaviors and underlies the interplay between the cerebellum and frontoparietal network (FPN) regions as the neural process. However, it remains unclear whether the neural mechanisms identified in previous motor control studies also underlie practical driving behaviors. In the current study, we measure functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activities while participants control a realistic driving simulator inside the MRI scanner. Here, the accelerator sensitivity of a virtual car is abruptly changed, requiring participants to respond to this change flexibly to maintain stable driving. We first compare brain activities before and after the sensitivity change. As a result, sensorimotor areas, including the left cerebellum, increase their activities after the sensitivity change. Moreover, after the change, activity significantly increases in the inferior parietal lobe (IPL) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), parts of the FPN regions. By contrast, the posterior cingulate cortex, a part of the default mode network, deactivates after the sensitivity change. Our results suggest that the neural bases found in previous experimental studies can serve as the foundation of adaptive driving behaviors. At the same time, this study also highlights the unique contribution of non-motor regions to addressing the high cognitive demands of driving.

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Cerebellar forward models to control movement

Cited by 13 publications

References 5 publications

Cognitive Functions and Neurodevelopmental Disorders Involving the Prefrontal Cortex and Mediodorsal Thalamus

Cognitive Functions and Neurodevelopmental Disorders Involving the Prefrontal Cortex and Mediodorsal Thalamus

Translation information processing is regulated by protein kinase C-dependent mechanism in Purkinje cells in murine posterior vermis

Neuroimaging Examination of Driving Mode Switching Corresponding to Changes in the Driving Environment

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