Cerebellar and extracerebellar involvement in mouse eyeblink conditioning: the ACDC model

Boele, Henk Jan

doi:10.3389/neuro.03.017.2009

Cited by 34 publications

(55 citation statements)

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“…Current results indicate that elevated fear responding preceded the emergence of eyeblink CRs in sham control rats, consistent with two-stage models of aversive Pavlovian conditioning (Boele et al, 2010;Lennartz & Weinberger, 1992;Mintz & Wang-Ninio, 2001;Rescorla & Solomon, 1967;Thompson et al, 1987;Wagner & Brandon, 1989). Bilateral neurotoxic CEA lesions were assessed for their effects on conditioned fear (freezing), CS-mediated UR facilitation, PN acoustic reactivity, and delay EBC acquisition.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

“…Two-stage models of aversive Pavlovian conditioning posit the rapid emergence of amygdala-dependent emotional responses in stage one, which accelerates the acquisition of more slowly acquired cerebellar-dependent sensorimotor responses in stage two (Boele, Koekkoek, & De Zeeuw, 2010;Lennartz & Weinberger, 1992;Mintz & Wang-Ninio, 2001;Rescorla & Solomon, 1967;Thompson et al, 1987;Wagner & Brandon, 1989). In eyeblink conditioned subjects, for instance, a number of fear CRs are observed during the first training session-before significant numbers of eyeblink CRs are produced-including autonomic changes in heart rate and blood pressure, elevated freezing, and 22 kHz ultrasonic emissions (Britton & Astheimer, 2004;Lee & Kim, 2004;Lindquist, Mahoney, & Steinmetz, 2010;Prokasy, 1972;Schneiderman, 1972).…”

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Central amygdala lesions inhibit pontine nuclei acoustic reactivity and retard delay eyeblink conditioning acquisition in adult rats

Pochiro

Lindquist

2015

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In delay eyeblink conditioning (EBC) a neutral conditioned stimulus (CS; tone) is repeatedly paired with a mildly aversive unconditioned stimulus (US; periorbital electrical shock). Over training, subjects learn to produce an anticipatory eyeblink conditioned response (CR) during the CS, prior to US onset. While cerebellar synaptic plasticity is necessary for successful EBC, the amygdala is proposed to enhance eyeblink CR acquisition. In the current study, adult Long-Evans rats received bilateral sham or neurotoxic lesions of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CEA) followed by 1 or 4 EBC sessions. Fear-evoked freezing behavior, CS-mediated enhancement of the unconditioned response (UR), and eyeblink CR acquisition were all impaired in the CEA lesion rats relative to sham controls. There were also significantly fewer c-Fos immunoreactive cells in the pontine nuclei (PN)-major relays of acoustic information to the cerebellum-following the first and fourth EBC session in lesion rats. In sham rats, freezing behavior decreased from session 1 to 4, commensurate with nucleus-specific reductions in amygdala Fos+ cell counts. Results suggest delay EBC proceeds through three stages: in stage one the amygdala rapidly excites diffuse fear responses and PN acoustic reactivity, facilitating cerebellar synaptic plasticity and the development of eyeblink CRs in stage two, leading, in stage three, to a diminution or stabilization of conditioned fear responding.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

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confidence: 99%

Central amygdala lesions inhibit pontine nuclei acoustic reactivity and retard delay eyeblink conditioning acquisition in adult rats

Pochiro

Lindquist

2015

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“…In addition to the MATN being important for the relay of auditory information to the cerebellum and amygdala, both fear and eyeblink conditioning produce short-latency plasticity (.50 msec) in MATN within the first few learning trials (Gabriel et al 1975;Quirk et al 1995;Maren et al 2001;Poremba and Gabriel 2001;Halverson et al 2010). The many similarities between cerebellar-dependent motor and amygdala-dependent fear conditioning have been reviewed in detail while identifying different auditory pathways for both types of learning (Medina et al 2002;Fanselow and Poulos 2005;Boele et al 2010). Appetitive conditioning with an auditory stimulus also leads to learning-related potentiation in auditory thalamic firing (Disterhoft and Olds 1972;Nienhuis and Olds 1978), but has not been investigated to the same extent as thalamic involvement in eyeblink or fear conditioning.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This response is triggered by stimulus onset and, unlike the CR, the a response is cerebellar independent (Skelton 1988;Boele et al 2010). One rat in the saline group consistently showed a responses to very low-intensity CN stimulation (5 mA) even during the muscimol retention test (Fig.…”

Section: Eyeblink Conditioningmentioning

confidence: 94%

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Medial auditory thalamus is necessary for acquisition and retention of eyeblink conditioning to cochlear nucleus stimulation

2015

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Associative learning tasks commonly involve an auditory stimulus, which must be projected through the auditory system to the sites of memory induction for learning to occur. The cochlear nucleus (CN) projection to the pontine nuclei has been posited as the necessary auditory pathway for cerebellar learning, including eyeblink conditioning. However, the medial auditory thalamic nuclei (MATN), consisting of the medial division of the medial geniculate, suprageniculate, and posterior interlaminar nucleus have also been implicated as a critical auditory relay to the pontine nuclei for cerebellum-dependent motor learning. The MATN also conveys auditory information to the amygdala necessary for avoidance and fear conditioning. The current study used CN stimulation to increase activity in the pontine nuclei, relative to a tone stimulus, and possibly provide sufficient input to the cerebellum for acquisition or retention of eyeblink conditioning during MATN inactivation. Primary and secondary effects of CN stimulation and MATN inactivation were examined using 2-deoxyglucose autoradiography. Stimulation of CN increased activity in the pontine nuclei, however, this increase was not sufficient for cerebellar learning during MATN inactivation. Results of the current experiment provide additional evidence indicating the MATN may be the critical auditory relay for many associative learning tasks.Pavlovian eyeblink conditioning has been widely used to examine the behavioral and neural correlates of associative learning and memory (Gormezano et al. 1983;Christian and Thompson 2003;Freeman and Steinmetz 2011). This task is established by pairing a conditioned stimulus (CS), typically a tone, with an unconditioned stimulus (US), mild periorbital shock, that evokes an eyeblink reflex. After repeated CS -US presentations, an adaptive eyeblink conditioned response (CR) emerges prior to US onset. Converging lines of evidence indicate that the cerebellum, specifically the interpositus nucleus and cerebellar cortex, are essential sites of memory formation and storage for this task (McCormick et al.

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Macaque monkey trigeminal blink reflex circuits targeting orbicularis oculi motoneurons

May

Warren

2021

J of Comparative Neurology

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The trigeminal blink reflex plays an important role in protecting the corneal surface from damage and preserving visual function in an unpredictable environment. The closing phase of the human reflex, produced by activation of the orbicularis oculi (ObOc) muscles, consists of an initial, small, ipsilateral R 1 component, followed by a larger, bilateral R 2 component. We investigated the circuitry that underlies this reflex in macaque (Macaca fascicularis and Macaca mulatta) monkeys by the use of single and dual tracer methods. Injection of retrograde tracer into the facial nucleus labeled neurons in the principal trigeminal nucleus, and in the spinal nucleus pars oralis and interpolaris, bilaterally, and in pars caudalis, ipsilaterally. Injection of anterograde tracer into the principal trigeminal nucleus labeled axons that directly terminated on ObOc motoneurons, with an ipsilateral predominance. Injection of anterograde tracer into pars caudalis of the spinal trigeminal nucleus labeled axons that directly terminated on ipsilateral ObOc motoneurons. The observed pattern of labeling indicates that the reticular formation ventromedial to the principal and spinal nuclei also contributes extensive bilateral input to ObOc motoneurons. Thus, much of the trigeminal sensory complex is in a position to supply a monosynaptic drive for lid closure, and the adjacent reticular formation can supply a disynaptic drive. These findings indicate that the assignment of the R 1 and R 2 components of the blink reflex to different parts of the trigeminal sensory complex cannot be exclusively based on subdivision connectional relationships with facial motoneurons. The characteristics of the R 2 component may be due, instead, to other circuit properties.

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Cerebellar and extracerebellar involvement in mouse eyeblink conditioning: the ACDC model

Cited by 34 publications

References 0 publications

Central amygdala lesions inhibit pontine nuclei acoustic reactivity and retard delay eyeblink conditioning acquisition in adult rats

Central amygdala lesions inhibit pontine nuclei acoustic reactivity and retard delay eyeblink conditioning acquisition in adult rats

Medial auditory thalamus is necessary for acquisition and retention of eyeblink conditioning to cochlear nucleus stimulation

Macaque monkey trigeminal blink reflex circuits targeting orbicularis oculi motoneurons

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