Cereal-induced gender selection? Most likely a multiple testing false positive

Young, S. Stanley; Bang, Heejung; Oktay, Kutluk

doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.1405

Cited by 21 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…For example, similar concerns have been expressed for observational research where zero of 52 predictions from observational studies were confirmed in randomized clinical trials. [10][11][12] At the heart of this irreproducibility lie some common, fundamental flaws in the currently adopted research practices. Although disappointing, this experience should probably not be surprising, and it is what one would expect also theoretically for many biomedical research fields based on how research efforts are conducted.…”

Section: Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reproducibility in Science

Begley

Ioannidis

2015

Circulation Research

869

414

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Medical and scientific advances are predicated on new knowledge that is robust and reliable and that serves as a solid foundation on which further advances can be built. In biomedical research, we are in the midst of a revolution with the generation of new data and scientific publications at a previously unprecedented rate. However, unfortunately, there is compelling evidence that the majority of these discoveries will not stand the test of time. To a large extent, this reproducibility crisis in basic and preclinical research may be as a result of failure to adhere to good scientific practice and the desperation to publish or perish. This is a multifaceted, multistakeholder problem. No single party is solely responsible, and no single solution will suffice. Here we review the reproducibility problems in basic and preclinical biomedical research, highlight some of the complexities, and discuss potential solutions that may help improve research quality and reproducibility. (Circ Res. 2015;116:116-126.

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Section: Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reproducibility in Science

Begley

Ioannidis

2015

Circulation Research

869

414

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“…Peri-conceptual influences on sex of offspring been offered by Young et al (2009) on the grounds that multiple testing may result in false positives.…”

Section: Median Follicular Testosterone Of Subsequent Embryos (Nm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Can mammalian mothers influence the sex of their offspring peri-conceptually?

Grant

Chamley²

2010

Reproduction

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Although controversial, growing evidence from evolutionary biology suggests that the mammalian mother may have a role in influencing the sex of her offspring. However, there is competing information on the molecular mechanisms by which such influence could be manifested. The new initiatives are based on hypotheses from evolutionary biology: the 'good condition' hypothesis, which suggests that post conception, higher levels of maternal glucose may differentially promote the development of male embryos; and the 'maternal dominance' hypothesis, which proposes that before conception, higher follicular testosterone may influence the development of the ovum so that it emerges already adapted to receive an X-or a Y-chromosome-bearing spermatozoon. Now, it seems these hypothesised mechanisms could be operating in synchrony, each complementing and reinforcing the other. On the other hand, there are continuing problems in identifying a precise sequence of mechanisms as evidenced from research in sperm-sorting. Research on high-fat diets and the sex ratio in polytocous species may indicate important differences in proximate mechanisms for sex allocation between polytocous and monotocous mammals.

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“…For example, if many foods are evaluated in a nutritional study for an association with an effect and p-values from tests of those foods follow a 45-degree line in a p-value plot, then chance rules (Young et al 2009), whereas p-values on the blade of the hockey stick in a p-value plot may be real or due to p-hacking. In this case it may also be useful to examine its statistical reliability.…”

Section: Mamentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of a meta-analysis of air quality and heart attacks, a case study

Young¹,

Kindzierski

2019

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

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It is generally acknowledged that claims from observational studies often fail toreplicate. An exploratory study was undertaken to assess the reliability of base studies used in meta-analysis of short-term air quality-myocardial infarction risk and to judge the reliability of statistical evidence from meta-analysis that uses data from observational studies. A highly cited meta-analysis paper examining whether short-term air quality exposure triggers myocardial infarction was evaluated as a case study. The paper considered six air quality componentscarbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, particulate matter 10 μm and 2.5 μm in diameter (PM10 and PM2.5), and ozone. The number of possible questions and statistical models at issue in each of 34 base papers used were estimated and p-value plots for each of the air components were constructed to evaluate the effect heterogeneity of p-values used from the base papers. Analysis search spaces (number of statistical tests possible) in the base papers were large, median = 12,288 (interquartile range = 2,496−58,368), in comparison to actual statistical test results presented. Statistical test results taken from the base papers may not provide unbiased measures of effect for meta-analysis. Shapes of p-value plots for the six air components were consistent with the possibility of analysis manipulation to obtain small p-values in several base papers. Results suggest the appearance of heterogeneous, researcher-generated p-values used in the metaanalysis rather than unbiased evidence of real effects for air quality. We conclude that this meta-analysis does not provide reliable evidence for an association of air quality components with myocardial risk.

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Cereal-induced gender selection? Most likely a multiple testing false positive

Cited by 21 publications

References 9 publications

Reproducibility in Science

Reproducibility in Science

Can mammalian mothers influence the sex of their offspring peri-conceptually?

Evaluation of a meta-analysis of air quality and heart attacks, a case study

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