Ceppad

Blake, J. B.; Fennell, J. F.; Friesen, L. M.; Johnson, Bradley; Kolasinski, W. A.; Mabry, D. J.; Osborn, J.V.; Penzin, S.H.; Schnauss, E. R.; Spence, Harlan E.; Baker, D. N.; Belian, R. D.; Fritz, T. A.; Ford, W. T.; Laubscher, Bryan E.; Stiglich, R.; Baraze, R. A.; Hilsenrath, M. F.; Imhof, W. L.; Kilner, J. R.; Mobilia, J.; Voß, Daniela; Korth, A.; Gll, M.; Fisher, Kathryn C.; Grandé, M.; Hall, D. S.

doi:10.1007/bf00751340

Cited by 151 publications

(24 citation statements)

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“…Intensities have similar orders of magnitude difference between channels when comparing AE-8 results (Figure 3c) to LEEM median distributions (Figure 3a), at least for L > 4. In addition, we also use observations from the Comprehensive Energetic Particle and Pitch Angle Distribution (CEPPAD) experiment [Blake et al, 1995] aboard Polar spacecraft, which are pitch angle resolved measurements from low-to mid-latitude regions, to map down to compare with LEO in situ measurements. Figure 6 equatorial pitch angle (dashedlines).…”

Section: Qualitative Discussion Of Leem Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

LEEM: A new empirical model of radiation‐belt electrons in the low‐Earth‐orbit region

Chen¹,

Reeves²,

Friedel³

et al. 2012

J. Geophys. Res.

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.[1] A new empirical model of radiation-belt electrons in the low-Earth-orbit region has been developed based upon decade-long in situ observations from several low-altitudeorbiting satellites. This model-LEEM-aims to provide the electron environment conditions that a satellite would encounter in a given low Earth orbit. This model presents electron flux values for five energy ranges (0.03-2.5 MeV, 0.1-2.5 MeV, 0.3-2.5 MeV, 1.5-6 MeV, and 2.5-14 MeV) within the space below an altitude of $600 km. Compared to the de-facto standard empirical model of AE-8, this model not only has a better data coverage in this specific region, but also can provide statistical information on flux levels such as worst cases and occurrence percentiles instead of solely mean values. The comparison indicates that the AE-8 model not only highly overpredicts the fluxes in the inner belt region in most cases, especially for the MeV electrons, which cannot be accounted for by the widely quoted error factor of 2 for AE-8, but also is unable to reflect the observed orders of magnitude variations in electron intensities. The LEEM model is carefully validated with both in-sample and out-of-sample tests. The characteristic electron environments along the International Space Station track and other virtual orbits are given as examples and as a demonstration of the use of the model.

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Section: Qualitative Discussion Of Leem Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

LEEM: A new empirical model of radiation‐belt electrons in the low‐Earth‐orbit region

Chen¹,

Reeves²,

Friedel³

et al. 2012

J. Geophys. Res.

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“…Using the Comprehensive Energetic Particle and Pitch Angle Distribution (CEPPAD) instrument package on the Polar satellite (Blake et al, 1995), the characteristics of the PADs of energetic ions and electrons are compared for two specific events. The butterfly shaped PAD, indicating a deficiency of locally mirroring charged particles are commonly observed as Polar passes through the equatorial region of the inner magnetosphere.…”

Section: Pfitzermentioning

confidence: 99%

The Earth's magnetopause as a source and sink for equatorial nightside energetic charged particles

Klida

Fritz

2009

Ann. Geophys.

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Abstract. The Imaging Proton Spectrometer (IPS) and the Imaging Electron Spectrometer (IES) on the Polar satellite have measured temporary deviations in the isotropy of the pitch angle distributions (PADs) of charged particles in the inner magnetosphere. As Polar passes through the nightside equatorial region, the IPS and IES observe dropouts of charged particles with pitch angles near 90 • , known as butterfly distributions caused by the shadowing of the magnetopause. Additionally, Polar observes a lower energy (<60 keV) intensification of locally mirroring ions while simultaneously detecting butterfly PADs in both higher energy ions and electrons. While it is accepted that charged particles can be lost to the magnetopause due to shadowing effects, the modeling here can suggest that the magnetopause can also be a direct source for particles observed in magnetosphere, with a strong dependence upon both pitch angle and particle energy.

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“…By using the satellite's Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. Comprehensive Energetic Particle and Pitch Angle Distribution (CEPPAD) instrument package (Blake et al, 1995) to detect electrons with energies greater than ∼ 30 keV, the long-term presence of the butterfly PAD in the nightside equatorial region can be characterised. A particle tracing model can then be used in conjunction with Polar observations to examine the cause and stability of the observed populations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterising electron butterfly pitch angle distributions in the magnetosphere through observations and simulations

Klida

Fritz

2013

Ann. Geophys.

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The Imaging Electron Spectrometer (IES) on the Polar satellite has measured the average characteristics of the equatorial electron pitch angle distributions (PADs) in the midnight sector as a function of radial distance out to the 9 RE apogee of the Polar satellite. Depressions in the observed fluxes of electrons occur with pitch angles around 90° in the equatorial zone, while the more field-aligned electrons remain largely unchanged. The orbital precessions of the satellite have allowed much of the inner equatorial magnetosphere to be observed. Statistically, butterfly PADs with different shapes are observed selectively in different regions, which can provide insight to their source and possible history. Electron paths of varied pitch angles were modelled using Runge-Kutta approximations of the Lorentz force in a Tsyganenko (T96) simulated magnetosphere. The resulting drift paths suggest that the process of magnetopause shadowing plays a significant role in the loss of these electrons. Case studies of the drifting patterns of electrons with varied pitch angles were simulated from Polar's orbit when a butterfly PAD was observed on 3 October 2002 at an altitude near 9 RE and on 12 September 2000 at an altitude near 6 RE. These two locations represent regions on each side of the boundary of stable trapping. The modelling effort strongly suggests that magnetopause shadowing does play a significant role in the loss of equatorially drifting electrons from the outer regions of the inner magnetosphere

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Ceppad

Cited by 151 publications

References 0 publications

LEEM: A new empirical model of radiation‐belt electrons in the low‐Earth‐orbit region

LEEM: A new empirical model of radiation‐belt electrons in the low‐Earth‐orbit region

The Earth's magnetopause as a source and sink for equatorial nightside energetic charged particles

Characterising electron butterfly pitch angle distributions in the magnetosphere through observations and simulations

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