Cephalometry by real-time imaging: A critical evaluation

Hughey, Michael John; Sabbagha, Rudy E.

doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(16)33125-8

Cited by 20 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The gain settings were adjusted so that the width of the skul1 table was 3 to 5 mm. 5 All measurements were made from the Polaroid image by one investigator (F.P.H.) using hand-held calipers; the measurements were made from the outer margin of the skull table closer to the transducer to the inner margin of the skull table farther from the transducer.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fetal biparietal diameter: a critical re-evaluation of the relation to menstrual age by means of real-time ultrasound.

Hadlock

Deter

Harrist

et al. 1982

Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine

207

131

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The relationship between fetal biparietal diameter (BPD) and menstrual age was determined by cross-sectional analysis of 533 fetuses (12 to 40 weeks) examined with a linear array real-time (dynamic image) scanner using specifically defined methodology. Mathematical modeling of the data demonstrated that the optimal fit was the linear cubic function (r = 99 per cent); predicted BPD values calculated from the function were most comparable with composite data from cross-sectional studies performed with static scanners after 1974 (average difference, 0.22 mm) and least comparable with composite data from cross-sectional studies performed with static scanners before 1974 (average difference, 2.0 mm). The variability associated with predicting menstrual age from the BPD increased progressively throughout gestation; the maximal variability was noted between 36 and 42 weeks (±3.6 weeks). Comparison with our longitudinal study of BPD growth indicates that the cross-sectional data represent a valid estimate of the true longitudinal BPD growth curve of the population. (Key words: fetal biparietal diameter; fetal age, determination of; ultrasonographic cephalometry; real-time ultrasound.) Several investigators have made comparative measurements of the fetal biparietal diameter (BPD) using real-time and static-image ultrasound scanners, and the results have indicated that the measurement differences are not statistically significant. The conclusion of these studies is that real-time determinations of the BPD may be applied to BPD/gestational age charts generated by static image equipment. 1 -5 A problem remains, however, in deciding which static-image BPD chart to use, since there are discrepancies among charts from different institutions. For example, the original data from Yale 8 differs at some points by as much as three weeks' gestation from the values reported by Sabbagha and Hughey. 7 Some investigators have attempted to solve this problem by making composite charts 7 -9 using data from as many as 17 institutions. But there are problems with such charts: 1) these composite charts do not agree specifically on mean values or, more importantly, on the range of standard devia- tion values at various points in gestation; 2) although large numbers of measurements were used to construct each chart, there is no indication of whether there was an equal distribution of measurements made at various points in gestation; 3) the number of measurements exceeds the number of patients, indicating that some patients were measured more than once during gestation, which is known to increase the possibility of bias in crosssectional data 10 ; 4} the specific anatomy of the plane of section used for measuring the biparietal diameter of the fetal skull was not indicated in these studies; and 5) the gain settings and transducer frequency were either not indicated or not uniform in the individual studies.The use of real~time ultrasound has greatly facilitated identification of specific planes of section in the fetal brain 11 and thus pro...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fetal biparietal diameter: a critical re-evaluation of the relation to menstrual age by means of real-time ultrasound.

Hadlock

Deter

Harrist

et al. 1982

Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine

207

131

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…3). All measurements were obtained from the outer aspects of the cephalic parietal contour to adjust their values to the actual BPD size (9).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of gestational age during the first trimester by real‐time measurement of fetal crown‐rump length and biparietal diameter

Bovicelli

Orsini

Rizzo

et al. 1981

J of Clinical Ultrasound

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A series of 237 patients in the first trimester of pregnancy were examined to derive normal growth curves for fetal crown-rump length (CRL) and biparietal diameter (BPD) using sector scanner real-time ultrasound equipment. Conventional B-scan CRL measurements were obtained from 50 of these patients: In 41 (82%), the values fell within a range +/- 5 mm of those of real-time. Another group of 97 patients between 7 and 13 wk of gestation was then examined in a blind trial to confirm the accuracy of real-time measurements in estimating gestational age. An estimate was made in 95% of cases to within 4.6 days with CRL and to within 5 days with BPD. A similar comparison was made with both of these dimensions using a comparative nomogram, giving a prediction within 3.9 days in 95% of cases. This method is now used routinely.

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“…1976 Chief Resident at the same Hospital February-March 1976 Research Fellow in Ultrasounds in Obstetrics and Gynecology at the School of Medicine, Valencia, Spain. 1977-1978 time, with a 3.5 mega-Hertz transducer which was calibrated at a sound velocity of l ,540 m/sec. The apparatus'has an electronic caliper, and a freeze-frame which fixes the selected image on the oscilloscope.…”

Section: Curriculum Vitaementioning

confidence: 99%