Ceria nanoparticles
(CeNPs) are promising enzyme mimetic catalysts
due to their mixed oxidation states Ce3+/Ce4+ accompanied by the presence of oxygen vacancies. While their properties
have been widely recognized, control of their activity, modulation
of the Ce3+/Ce4+ ratio, dispersity, and accessibility
of the active sites continue to be a challenge. Herein, we report
a technique to synthesize highly active, ultrasmall CeNPs dispersed
within a cerium-based metal–organic framework (Ce-MOF) via
in situ etching of the parent NPs. Etching and stabilization of CeNPs
within the MOF significantly enhanced their activity, prevented aggregation,
and provided high accessibility of the active sites for catalytic
reactions through the open channels of the MOF. The resulting material
showed an enhancement in the degradation kinetics of the nerve agent
simulant dimethyl p-nitrophenylphosphate (DMNP)
as compared to the parent CeNPs or the Ce-MOF. These properties, characterized
by a combination of optical imaging and spectroscopic techniques,
are due to increased oxygen vacancies, an enhanced Ce3+ content at the surface, and the formation of ultrasmall CeNPs (∼1–2
nm) highly dispersed within the MOF matrix. This technique offers
a strategy for controlling the surface chemistry of CeNPs, making
them significantly more active for use in catalysis, sensing, and
environmental remediation.