Century‐long stomatal density record of the nitrophyte, Rubus spectabilis L., from the Pacific Northwest indicates no effect of changing atmospheric carbon dioxide but a strong response to nutrient subsidy

Abstract

Ecologists have long been interested in the interactions between seabirds and vegetation on breeding colonies (Duda et al., 2020;Mulder et al., 2011). Seabirds do not graze the vegetation, but their heavy traffic at large colonies can exert effects by digging, trampling, and disturbance, as well as by nutrients in the large quantity of guano deposited. Hipfner et al. (2010) and Rodway et al. (2017) review this topic in papers on the vegetation of Triangle Island, British Columbia, Canada, a large (>1 M individual birds of 11 species) seabird colony. Triangle Island is home to most of the world's Cassin's Auklets Ptychoramphus aleuticus as well as a large