Centrifugeless ultrasound‐assisted emulsification microextraction based on salting‐out phenomenon followed by high‐performance liquid chromatography for the simple determination of phthalate esters in aqueous samples

Abstract

A fast, sensitive, and centrifugeless ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction followed by a high-performance liquid chromatography method is developed for the determination of some phthalate esters in aqueous samples. In this method, a simple approach is followed to eliminate the centrifugation step in dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction using an organic solvent whose melting point is near the ambient temperature, consumption of the extracting solvent is efficiently reduced, and the overall extraction time was found to be only 7 min. The variables affecting the method are optimized. Under the optimal experimental conditions (75 μL of 1-undecanol, a flow rate of 2.0 mL/min, and an ultrasound irradiation of 1 min), the proposed method exhibits good preconcentration factors (52-97), low limits of detection (1.0-5.0 ng/mL), and linearities in the range of 5-1500 ng/mL (r ≥ 0.995). Finally, the method is successfully applied to the analysis of phthalate esters in the drinking and river water samples. To study the probable release of the phthalate esters from a polyethylene container into boiling water, the boiling water exposed to the polyethylene container was analyzed by the proposed method.

Determination of acidic drugs in biological and environmental matrices by membrane‐based dual emulsification liquid‐phase microextraction followed by high‐performance liquid chromatography

“…LPME includes some methods such as single‐drop microextraction, hollow fiber‐LPME, and dispersive liquid‐liquid microextraction (DLLME) . Single‐drop microextraction and hollow fiber‐LPME are time‐consuming, while DLLME provides a high preconcentration in a few minutes . However, DLLME suffers from the consumption of organic disperser solvents, and utilization of centrifugation for phase separation is considered as a bottleneck in the automation of the technique .…”

“…Notable progress and the introduction of various methods and instruments have broadened the application of analytical chemistry in different sciences. Despite this fact, in most cases, due to the complexity of samples, incompatibility of samples with the analyzer methods, and low hollow fiber-LPME are time-consuming, while DLLME provides a high preconcentration in a few minutes [10][11][12]. However, DLLME suffers from the consumption of organic disperser solvents, and utilization of centrifugation for phase separation is considered as a bottleneck in the automation of the technique [13].…”

Highly selective determination of some anti‐depressant drugs in complicated matrices by dual emulsification liquid‐phase microextraction based on filtration followed by high‐performance liquid chromatography

“…However, DLLME suffers from some considerable defects. Providing a low sample clean‐up limits the applicability of DLLME in complex matrices, and using toxic disperser solvents and utilization of centrifugation for phase separation are considered as bottlenecks in the automation of the technique . Some disperser‐free methods such as ultrasound‐assisted emulsification microextraction (USAEME) and air‐agitation liquid‐liquid microextraction (AALLME) have been presented to reduce the toxicity of DLLME , and integration of DLLME by other methods such as solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) , supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) , emulsification microextraction , electro‐membrane extraction (EME) , and stir‐bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) has increased its selectivity.…”

Simultaneous determination of 22 phthalate esters in polystyrene food‐contact materials by ultra‐performance convergence chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry

“…PS is widely used in various common consumption products such as food containers, toys, home furniture, and building materials . As additives, PAEs in PS are not chemically bounded to the plastics, and they can easily release from plastic products and migrate into the foods . So, the content of PAEs was limited in food‐contact materials .…”