Centrifugal Influence on the Electroretinogram

Jacobson, Jerry H.; Gestring, G. F.

doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1958.tb39557.x

Cited by 26 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Our results support their interpretation. In addition, the results are consistent with findings of Jacobson and Gestring (1958) that the ERG of cats and monkeys is depressed by administration of Metrazol, hexamethonium, or stimulation of the reticular formation, and that section of the optic nerve eliminates these effects. They concluded that a center exists in the brain which controls retinal function and that its influence is manifested in the ERG.…”

Section: Retinal Effectssupporting

confidence: 81%

“…The existence of centrifugal fibers in birds has been well established (Miles, 1972a(Miles, , 1972b. Among mammals, there is evidence that centrifugal fibers exist in the optic nerve of mice (Goldberg & Galin, 1973), cats (Brook, Downer, & Powell, 1965;Granit, 1955Granit, , 1959Jacobson & Gestring, 1958;Spinelli, Pribram, & Weingarten, 1965), monkeys (Brook et aI., 1965;Jacobson & Gestring, 1958;Mirsky et aI., 1973;Nobak & Mettler, 1973), and humans (Honrubia & Elliott, 1968;Mirsky, 1978;Sacks & Lindenberg, 1969;Van Hasselt, 1972173;Wolter, 1965;Wolter & Lund, 1968). The results of the present study add another increment to the list.…”

Section: Retinal Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Central neural influences on the human retina during selective attention

1983

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Two controversial issues were investigated. One concerned the question of whether cen· trifugal fibers project to the human retina, and the other, the question of whether precortical fil· ters which differentially transmit relevant and irrelevant information during selective attention exist. The issues were addressed jointly by studying the effects of selective attention on evoked responses obtained from the retina and over the occipital cortex. Selective attention was manipulated by requiring subjects to respond to stimuli presented at various locations in the visual field while attempting to ignore stimuli presented at other locations. Retinal responses to stimuli presented at attended to locations were found to be larger than those at unattended to locations. A similar result was obtained for responses recorded over the occipital cortex. The results are interpreted as follows: (1) They support the hypothesis that sustained voluntary at· tention to specific locations in space is mediated, at least partly, by centrally controlled cen· trifugal pathways which differentially modify synaptic transmission at a precortical level; (2) such differential alteration can occur as far peripherally as the retina; and (3) such alteration at the retinal level necessarily requires the existence of centrifugal optic nerve fibers. The results are discussed within the context of existing evidence bearing on the issues.

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Section: Retinal Effectssupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Retinal Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Central neural influences on the human retina during selective attention

1983

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“…Thus, Motokawa and Ebe (1954) described depression of ERG after electrical stimulation of the optic nerve in cats. Jacobson and Gestring (1958) and Jacobson and Suzuki (1962) found enhancement of ERG after section of the optic nerve in cats, and Abe (1962) reported a similar effect in rabbits. Brindley and Hamasaki (1962b) were unable to confirm this effect in cats.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 72%

The effect of motor activity on the reactivity of single visual units in the crayfish

Aréchigá

Wiersma

1969

J. Neurobiol.

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SUMMARYMetal microelectrodes were chronically implanted in the optic nerve and circumesophageal commissure of the crayfish. The activity from single units was recorded in freely moving animals, and responsiveness to visual stimuli was found correlated with motor activity of the animal. The lowest firing rate corresponded to states of quietness and the highest to fighting reactions. The two types of visual units studied showed a different degree of modulation. The sustaining fibers, which signal the intensity of illumination, were facilitated at all levels of motor excitation. The movement fibers, which are phasic units, reacted to great enhancements of motor activity by an increased number of spikes in each response to movement, and by a lowering in the rate of "habituation." This facilitatory influence is neural in origin, presumably conveyed by the "czctiuity" fibers, which run efferently in the optic nerve, carrying information about movement of the various body parts.

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“…Armington (8) (25,26). Some reports appear contradictory: epinephrine injections are said to increase b-wave amplitude in the dog (27) and to decrease it in the cat (9). Whether such blood-borne substances, including pharmacological agents, act at the retinal synaptic level or on the intracellular transport of potassium ions by Muller cells continues to be actively investigated (e.g., see ref.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural sleep modifies the rat electroretinogram.

Galambos

Juhász

Kekesi

et al. 1994

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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We show here electretinograms (ERGs) recorded from freely moving rats during sleep and wakefulness. Bilateral ERGs were evoked by flashes delivered through a light-emitting diode implanted under the skin above one eye and recorded through electrodes inside each orbit near the optic nerve. AdditI electrodes over each visual cortex monitored the brain waves and collected flash-evoked cortical potentials to compare with the ERGs. Connections to the stimulating and rdng ruments through a plug on the head made data collection posslble at any time without physically disturbing the annl. The three major n gs are (A) Rivers in 1900 (10). If the center exists, nothing is known about its functions, perhaps because these are not likely to be displayed by unanesthesized mamma s, and because it is difficult to deliver quantifiable visual stimuli to an animal free to move its eyes. We believe we have solved both of these problems in rats by implanting a recording electrode behind the eyeball and a small light-emitting diode (LED) beneath the skin above the eye; rats tolerate both of these implants well and have consistently delivered similar b-waves for as long as 3 months. MATERIALS AND METHODSThe LED Stimulus. The implanted LED is a transparent plastic cylinder 5 mm in diameter and 8 mm long (BI-B6334 SQD; Bright LED Electronics, Budapest). It emits red light measuring 300 mcd at its saturation current (2 mA). Its calibration curve (see Fig. 3A) shows its output to be proportional over 3 log units to log duration ofa 4-V square pulse delivered to it. The stimuli used in the experiments were of 3 or 5 msec duration.Implantations. Implants were placed during halothane (1% in air) anesthesia. Electrodes were stainless steel screws (1 x 5 mm) turned into the skull. The ERG electrodes entered the skull about 10 mm rostral to the bregma; they were directed laterally, and at one autopsy the tip was found within the orbit dorsal and anterior to the optic nerve. The visual cortex screws were positioned about 2 mm from the midline and 1 mm rostral to the lambdoid suture. Some animals had additional frontal and auditory cortex electrodes. The reference electrode was placed over the cerebellum %2 mm off the midline and behind the lambdoid suture. The LED was inserted under the skin over the left eye and fixed in place with dental cement. Insulated wires from the LED and electrodes were soldered to leads in a socket attached to the skull in the midline with dental cement.

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Centrifugal Influence on the Electroretinogram

Cited by 26 publications

References 14 publications

Central neural influences on the human retina during selective attention

Central neural influences on the human retina during selective attention

The effect of motor activity on the reactivity of single visual units in the crayfish

Natural sleep modifies the rat electroretinogram.

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