Summary
1.âSmallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) have been widely introduced to fresh waters throughout the world to promote recreational fishing opportunities. In the Pacific Northwest (U.S.A.), upstream range expansions of predatory bass, especially into subyearling salmonârearing grounds, are of increasing conservation concern, yet have received little scientific inquiry. Understanding the habitat characteristics that influence bass distribution and the timing and extent of bass and salmon overlap will facilitate the development of management strategies that mitigate potential ecological impacts of bass.
2.âWe employed a spatially continuous sampling design to determine the extent of bass and subyearling Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) sympatry in the North Fork John Day River (NFJDR), a freeâflowing river system in the Columbia River Basin that contains an upstream expanding population of nonânative bass. Extensive (i.e. 53âkm) surveys were conducted over 2âyears and during an early and late summer period of each year, because these seasons provide a strong contrast in the riverâs water temperature and flow condition. Classification and regression trees were applied to determine the primary habitat correlates of bass abundance at reach and channelâunit scales.
3.âOur study revealed that bass seasonally occupy up to 22% of the length of the mainstem NFJDR where subyearling Chinook salmon occur, and the primary period of sympatry between these species was in the early summer and not during peak water temperatures in late summer. Where these species coâoccurred, bass occupied 60â76% of channel units used by subyearling Chinook salmon in the early summer and 28â46% of the channel units they occupied in the late summer. Because these rearing salmon were well below the gape limitation of bass, this overlap could result in either direct predation or sublethal effects of bass on subyearling Chinook salmon. The upstream extent of bass increased 10â23âkm (2009 and 2010, respectively) as stream temperatures seasonally warmed, but subyearling Chinook salmon were also found farther upstream during this time.
4.âOur multiscale analysis suggests that bass were selecting habitat based on antecedent thermal history at a broad scale, and if satisfactory temperature conditions were met, mesoscale habitat features (i.e. channelâunit type and depth) played an additional role in determining bass abundance. The upstream extent of bass in the late summer corresponded to a highâgradient geomorphic discontinuity in the NFJDR, which probably hindered further upstream movements of bass. The habitat determinants and upstream extent of bass were largely consistent across years, despite marked differences in the magnitude and timing of spring peak flows prior to bass spawning.
5.âThe overriding influence of water temperature on smallmouth bass distribution suggests that managers may be able limit future upstream range expansions of bass into salmonârearing habitat by concentrating on restoration activities that mitigate climateâ...