Centralization of the Deuterostome Nervous System Predates Chordates

Nomaksteinsky, Marc; Röttinger, Éric; Dufour, Héloïse D.; Chettouh, Zoubida; Lowe, Christopher J.; Martindale, Mark Q.; Brunet, Jean‐François

doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.05.063

Cited by 102 publications

(150 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(54 reference statements)

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“…Among them, only the collar cord has tubular organization and thus proposed to be a homologous organ to the neural tube 4,8,[15][16][17] . However, this homology is still controversial 14,16 , because the enteropneust collar cord, unlike the much more extensive neural tubes of chordates, runs along only a relatively short stretch of the anteroposterior axis 18 . In addition, the dorsal position of the collar cord is not consistent with the dorsoventral axis inversion in the chordate lineage 9,18 .…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In hemichordates, BMP signalling is also involved in the patterning of the dorsoventral axis of body regions 9 , but there is no evidence that the nervous system of hemichordates has distinct dorsoventral patterning similar to protosotmes and chordates. Rather it is only recently that the hemichordates were revealed to possess a centralized nervous system 14 . The presence of a central nervous system in protostomes and hemichordates indicates that the centralization of the nervous system occurred before the divergence of protostomes and deuterostomes 14 .…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Rather it is only recently that the hemichordates were revealed to possess a centralized nervous system 14 . The presence of a central nervous system in protostomes and hemichordates indicates that the centralization of the nervous system occurred before the divergence of protostomes and deuterostomes 14 . However, there is a critical difference in the nervous system of bilaterians.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The dorsal nerve cord is divided into the proboscis stalk region, the collar cord and the dorsal nerve cord in the trunk region 14 . The ventral nerve cord exists only in the trunk region and is connected to the dorsal nerve cord via the prebranchial nerve ring.…”

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Hemichordate neurulation and the origin of the neural tube

Miyamoto

Wada

2013

Nat Commun

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The origin of the body plan of our own phylum, Chordata, is one of the most fascinating questions in evolutionary biology. Yet, after more than a century of debate, the evolutionary origins of the neural tube and notochord remain unclear. Here we examine the development of the collar nerve cord in the hemichordate Balanoglossus simodensis and find shared gene expression patterns between hemichordate and chordate neurulation. Moreover, we show that the dorsal endoderm of the buccal tube and the stomochord expresses Hedgehog RNA, and it seems likely that collar cord cells can receive the signal. Our data suggest that the endoderm functions as an organizer to pattern the overlying collar cord, similar to the relationship between the notochord and neural tube in chordates. We propose that the origin of the core genetic mechanisms for the development of the notochord and the neural tube date back to the last common deuterostome ancestor.

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Hemichordate neurulation and the origin of the neural tube

Miyamoto

Wada

2013

Nat Commun

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“…Marine organisms also allow us to examine how the nervous system became condensed and centralized (Arendt et al 2016) while becoming much more complex in the course of evolution to terrestrial life (Nomaksteinsky et al 2009). Starting from a diffuse nerve net in a swimming larva, brains became huge, formed from the so-called embryonic neural plate in vertebrates later undergoing neurulation to form the neural tube.…”

Section: A Short Natural History Of the Nervous System: Several Questmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aquatic Model Organisms in Neurosciences: The Genome-Editing Revolution

Joly¹

2017

Research and Perspectives in Neurosciences

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The use of aquatic model organisms has been greatly diversified in laboratories. Zebrafish is the most advanced aquatic species for the use of Crispr-Cas9 in laboratories. Because of the simplicity and broad applicability of this later system, knock-out is now efficiently performed at medium scale. Forward genetics in zebrafish can now be performed by CRISPR-based F0 screening using high speed and high content phenotyping for example by confocal imaging. As zebrafish, marine model organisms have the prominent advantage to be transparent, all the more at young stages (embryos and larvae) or when fixed samples are cleared by novel methods. The Cripsr-Cas9 system is routinely used in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis. It also starts to be used in many other marine models, such as the medusa Clythia hemispherica. We provide at the end of this review a list of aquatic model species and some examples of questions on the origin of our nervous system that can be coped with these models, where the possibility to perform genome editing would constitute a major advance.

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Hemichordates: Development

Miyamoto

Wada

2015

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Hemichordates are marine invertebrates consisting of two distinct groups: the solitary enteropneusts, or acorn worms (comprising a few hundred species), and the colonial and tube‐dwelling pterobranchs (comprising 20 or so species). Phylogenetically, hemichordates are the sister group to echinoderms, together composing the Ambulacraria, and share some features with chordates. Hemichordates are thus considered key organisms for addressing the origins of deuterostome and chordate body plans. Unlike the other deuterostome models including echinoderms and chordates, however, information about the developmental biology of this group is limited. Recent improvements in the accessibility of embryos, functional tool development and genomic resources from several model organisms have yielded important information on the cellular and genetic mechanisms of embryogenesis and organogenesis in hemichordates. Comparisons of hemichordates and other deuterostomes permit identification of the common ancestor of deuterostomes and help elucidate the origin of the chordate body plan. Key Concepts Hemichordate developmental biology is key to elucidating the origin of chordates and the early evolution of deuterostomes. Descriptive and comparative studies using novel model species provide new insights into hemichordate evolution and diversity. Establishment of genetic resources and experimental methods drive the molecular developmental biology of hemichordates. Hemichordates and chordates show a conserved anteroposterior patterning mechanism. Hemichordate research indicates that inversion of the dorsoventral axis occurred in the chordate lineage. Gill slits of hemichordates and chordates are almost certainly homologous. The stomochord of hemichordates and the notochord of chordates share some genetic features, but are unlikely to be homologous. The origin of the tubular nervous system predates the diversification of hemichordates and chordates, but the homology of the collar nerve cord and neural tube still requires resolution.

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Centralization of the Deuterostome Nervous System Predates Chordates

Cited by 102 publications

References 39 publications

Hemichordate neurulation and the origin of the neural tube

Hemichordate neurulation and the origin of the neural tube

Aquatic Model Organisms in Neurosciences: The Genome-Editing Revolution

Hemichordates: Development

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