Centrality and System Size Dependence among Freezeout Parameters and the Implications for EOS and QGP in High-Energy Collisions

Abstract

Utilizing the Modified Hagedorn function with embedded flow, we analyze the transverse momenta (pT) and transverse mass (mT) spectra of π+ in Au–Au, Cu–Cu, and d–Au collisions at sNN = 200 GeV across various centrality bins. Our study reveals the centrality and system size dependence of key freezeout parameters, including kinetic freezeout temperature (T0), transverse flow velocity (βT), entropy-related parameter (n), and kinetic freezeout volume (V). Specifically, T0 and n increase from central to peripheral collisions, while βT and V show the opposite trend. These parameters also exhibit system size dependence; T0 and βT are smaller in larger collision systems, whereas V is larger. Importantly, central collisions correspond to a stiffer Equation of State (EOS), characterized by larger βT and smaller T0, while peripheral collisions indicate a softer EOS. These insights are crucial for understanding the properties of Quark–Gluon Plasma (QGP) and offer valuable constraints for Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) models at high temperatures and densities.

Quantum Intelligence in Beyond 5G Networks: Current Progress, and Open Avenues

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