Central retinal vein occlusion: a review

Abstract

Central retinal vein occlusion remains a common cause of unilateral visual loss. Until recently, our treatment options for this condition were limited only to laser photocoagulation for the devastating end sequelae of anterior segment neovascularization. Over the last 2 years, a number of randomized controlled trials have given us significant new treatment options to address not only visual loss from macular oedema but also the ability to create a bypass around the obstruction in the central retinal vein and to address the raised venous hydrostatic pressure. In the future, it is likely that combination approaches to the management of central retinal vein occlusion will develop using specific agents and techniques to address the components of macular oedema, retinal ischaemia and raised venous hydrostatic pressure, all of which combine to produce the clinical picture and the reduction in vision seen in this condition.

Protective and Antioxidant Effects of PPARα in the Ischemic Retina

“…23 Ischemia thus plays a pathological role in many eye diseases including ROP, glaucoma, central vein occlusion, retinal detachment, and AMD. 23,[44][45][46] Further, hypoxic oxidative stress contributes to neurodegeneration in many of these models. 23 Our present findings suggest that PPARa also has significant therapeutic potential in these ischemic retinal diseases, much as in DR.…”

Intravitreal Functional Plasminogen Is Elevated in Central Retinal Vein Occlusion

“…The latter is particularly attributed to the consecutive appearance of intraretinal hemorrhages, macular hypoxia, the development of a cystoid macular edema (CME) or neovascularizations in different compartments of the eye [2,3]. Though initially described in the 1850s [4], the understanding of the pathophysiological processes as well as the therapeutic options for the involved patient are still limited and/or controversial [1]. Major advantages have been achieved lately by intravitreally applied anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or corticosteroid substrates, though [5].…”

“…Until today, central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) is the third most common retinal vascular disorder that can cause a sustainable decrease in visual acuity (VA) [1]. The latter is particularly attributed to the consecutive appearance of intraretinal hemorrhages, macular hypoxia, the development of a cystoid macular edema (CME) or neovascularizations in different compartments of the eye [2,3].…”

Antivascular endothelial growth factors in the treatment of macular oedema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion: a meta‐analysis

“…The area of capillary non-perfusion regions can be further used to differentiate CRVO into ischaemic and non-ischaemic subtypes. 4,5 Risk factors for CRVO include advanced age, hypertension, atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia, glaucoma, haematological abnormalities and thrombophilia, implying that CRVO is caused by a combination of factors including anatomical susceptibility, vessel wall changes and hemodynamic abnormalities. [4][5][6] Macular oedema, neovascularization and vitreous haemorrhage are the three most common complications of CRVO.…”