Central retinal artery occlusion.

Hayreh, Sohan Singh; Zimmerman, M. Bridget; Kimura, Alan; Sanon, Ashish

doi:10.1016/s0014-4835(03)00214-8

Cited by 393 publications

(325 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…4,5 A duration of anoxia of 44 h exceeds the retina's maximal survival time, 6 although neuronal cell death may occur within 97 min. 7 TRAO of very short duration may not produce visual symptoms, 1 and further investigation will not be sought.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transient retinal artery occlusion during phacoemulsification cataract surgery

Yusuf

Fung

Wasik

et al. 2014

Eye

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transient retinal artery occlusion during phacoemulsification cataract surgery

Yusuf

Fung

Wasik

et al. 2014

Eye

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“…However, between 105 and 240 min there was a variable degree of partial retinal recovery seen on visual-evoked potential. 16 A large degree of interindividual variability in regard to the relationship between the length of CRAO and the extent of retinal damage was found. At 240 min, complete or almost total optic nerve atrophy and nerve fibre damage resulting in massive irreversible retinal damage was found in all eyes.…”

Section: Anatomy and Pathophysiologymentioning

confidence: 97%

“…14 Once the CRA is occluded, the ability of the retina to recover depends on whether the offending embolus or thrombus is dislodged, and more importantly by the retinal ischaemic tolerance time. 15,16 Conclusions from electrophysiological, histopathological, and morphometric studies showed that in old atherosclerotic hypertensive rhesus monkeys, no detectable damage was done with CRAO of 97 min. However, between 105 and 240 min there was a variable degree of partial retinal recovery seen on visual-evoked potential.…”

Section: Anatomy and Pathophysiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At 240 min, complete or almost total optic nerve atrophy and nerve fibre damage resulting in massive irreversible retinal damage was found in all eyes. 16 This suggests that the time window for intervention is finite and inversely proportional to the degree of recovery. The exact retinal tolerance time when irreversible damage occurs is not yet known, but would appear to be no longer than 4 h. 16 Types of CRAO CRAO can be divided into four different subclasses: 3 (1) Non-arteritic permanent CRAO ( (1) Non-arteritic permanent CRAO…”

Section: Anatomy and Pathophysiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of central retinal artery occlusion: clinical presentation and management

Varma

Cugati

Lee

et al. 2013

Eye

325

298

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Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is an ophthalmic emergency and the ocular analogue of cerebral stroke. Best evidence reflects that over three-quarters of patients suffer profound acute visual loss with a visual acuity of 20/400 or worse. This results in a reduced functional capacity and quality of life. There is also an increased risk of subsequent cerebral stroke and ischaemic heart disease. There are no current guideline-endorsed therapies, although the use of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) has been investigated in two randomized controlled trials. This review will describe the pathophysiology, epidemiology, and clinical features of CRAO, and discuss current and future treatments, including the use of tPA in further clinical trials.

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“…However, it is not clear what the critical time limit for retinal ischemia is before irreversible damage occurs. Ischemic retinal cells have been documented to have a survival time of 3-5 min in rats and up to 97 min in elderly rhesus monkeys [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Intra Ocular Pressure in Zygomatico Maxillary Complex Fractures

Sharma

Chhabra

Sharma

et al. 2014

J. Maxillofac. Oral Surg.

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Purpose To study effects of zygomatico maxillary fractures and fracture reduction on intra ocular pressure (IOP). Materials and methods IOPs of 20 patients with unilateral zygomatico-maxillary complex (ZMC) fractures (divided into 2 groups of 10 undisplaced, 10 displaced) were measured at various time intervals. The relationship between IOPs between the two groups at various time intervals was recorded and evaluated using independent T-tests. Results 20 subjects were divided into two equal groups (10 each of displaced and undisplaced fractures). Mean age of patients was 33.8 years with 90 % males and 10 % females. The change in IOP at the time of reporting, after 24 h and 7 days for patients with undisplaced ZMC fractures (Group I) was recorded and was found to be significant. The change in IOP at the time of reporting, before and after surgery, after 24 h and 7 days for patients with displaced ZMC fractures (Group II) was recorded and was also found to be significant. The IOPs of the two groups was compared at various time intervals and was found to be significant. Also, a significant increase in IOP was noted just after fracture reduction, which could be attributed to oculocardiac reflex, which has been proven to cause bradycardia, and in some cases, even death. Conclusion A cautious eye needs to be kept over IOP while reducing ZMC fractures at regular intervals and the anaesthetist has to be informed to look for any bradycardia that can occur. Tonometers should be a part of standard armamentarium while reducing and fixing ZMC fractures.

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Central retinal artery occlusion.

Cited by 393 publications

References 46 publications

Transient retinal artery occlusion during phacoemulsification cataract surgery

Transient retinal artery occlusion during phacoemulsification cataract surgery

A review of central retinal artery occlusion: clinical presentation and management

Evaluation of Intra Ocular Pressure in Zygomatico Maxillary Complex Fractures

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