Central projections of gustatory nerves in the rat

Hamilton, Robert; Norgren, Ralph

doi:10.1002/cne.902220408

Cited by 552 publications

(332 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Chorda tympani fibers relay taste-information to the brain via synapses in the rostral portion of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS; Hamilton & Norgren, 1984). Both dietary sodium deprivation (Jacobs et al, 1988;Nakamura & Norgren, 1995) and furosemide (Tamura & Norgren, 1997) influence NTS responses to NaCl administered on the tongue.…”

Section: Central Gustatory Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Richter and sodium appetite: From adrenalectomy to molecular biology

Krause

Sakai

2007

Appetite

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Nearly three-quarters of a century ago, Curt Richter removed the adrenal glands from rats and noted that the animal's vitality was dependent on its increased consumption of sodium chloride. In doing so, Richter revealed an innate behavioral mechanism that serves to maintain the hydromineral balance of an animal faced with sodium deficit. This experiment and others like it, led to the development of a field of research devoted to the investigation of salt appetite. The following is a discussion of how Richter's initial observations gave birth to an evolving field that incorporates multiple approaches to examine the drive to consume sodium. KeywordsSalt appetite; Angiotensin; Aldosterone; Corticosterone; Richter The Discovery of Salt AppetiteAt the time that Richter began his career at Johns Hopkins University much of the research examining ingestive behavior focused on the responses of individual organs or closely coordinated systems. Richter's pioneering work initiated a fundamental paradigm shift that moved the focus to adaptations of the organism as a whole. Specifically, he was interested in changes in behavior that compensated for perturbations in the internal environment. His approach toward investigation of such behaviors was as thorough as it was fundamental. Richter manipulated diet, interfered with the nervous system, and removed or replaced glandular secretions in attempt to understand the nutritional, neural, and endocrine signals that contribute to behavior.Richter created disturbances in the nutritional or mineral content of the internal environment with dietary deficiency. Subsequently, "self selection" experiments were performed where choices of different minerals and nutrients were presented for consumption. More often than not, animals would consume minerals and nutrients in amounts that would alleviate their experimentally-induced deficiencies. One of the most striking behaviors that Richter observed was that of rats voluntarily ingesting salt when faced with sodium deficit. Sodium chloride was removed from the rats' food and they were given access to water and 3 % NaCl solution. The intake of the NaCl solution was approximately 1% of the total diet, which remarkably, is the

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Section: Central Gustatory Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Richter and sodium appetite: From adrenalectomy to molecular biology

Krause

Sakai

2007

Appetite

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“…The nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) is a functionally and anatomically heterogeneous group of neurons that acts as a key integrating relay in the processing of visceral sensory and gustatory information (Lawrence and Jarrott, 1996;Contreras et al, 1982;Hamilton and Norgren, 1984). The caudal portion of NTS (cNTS) receives baroreceptor and chemoreceptor afferents from the heart and blood vessels via cranial nerves IX and X to control cardiac output.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heterogeneity of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expression in the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract

Smith

Uteshev

2008

Neuropharmacology

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The nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) is the principal integrating relay in the processing of visceral sensory and gustatory information. In the present study, patch-clamp electrophysiological experiments were conducted using rat horizontal brainstem sections. Pre-synaptic and somatic/ dendritic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) expressed in neurons of the caudal NTS (cNTS) were found to be randomly distributed between pre-synaptic and somatic/dendritic sites (χ 2 =0.72, df =3, p>0.87, n=200). Pre-synaptic nAChRs were detected by their facilitating effects on glutamatergic neurotransmission of a sub-population of cNTS neurons (categorized as "effectpositive") upon brief picospritzer applications of 0.1-0.5 mM nicotine. These effects were resistant to inhibition by 20 nM methyllycaconitine (MLA) and 4 μM dihydro-β-erythroidine (DHβE), and were replicated by brief picospritzer applications of 0.2-1 mM cytisine. Picospritzer applications of 0.2 mM RJR-2403, a potent agonist of α4β2 nAChRs, did not facilitate synaptic release of glutamate in effect-positive cNTS neurons. The population of somatic/dendritic nAChRs has been found to be heterogeneous and included nAChRs that were activated by RJR-2403 and/or cytisine; or insensitive to cytisine; or inhibited by MLA. The presented results are consistent with the expression of β4-containing (i.e., β4*) nAChRs, likely α3β4*, in presynaptic terminals of effectpositive cNTS neurons. Somatic/dendritic nAChRs appear to involve both α7 and non-α7 subunits. Heterogeneity in the subunit composition of pre-synaptic and somatic/dendritic nAChRs may underlie diverse roles that these receptors play in regulation of behavioral and visceral reflexes, and may reflect specific targeting by endogenous nicotinic agents and nicotine.

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“…Studies on the innervation of the NTS have suggested that functionally classified columns are arrayed rostrocaudally in this nucleus; for example, gustatory afferents occupy the rostral third portion of the column (Whitehead and Frank, 1983; Hamilton and Norgren, 1984), while visceral afferents occupy a more caudal region (Kalia and Mesulam , 1980; Panneton and Loewy, 1980;Ciriello, 1983 Altschuler et al , 1989Altschuler et al , , 1991. Based on neurological studies showing that the NTS controls the gastrointestinal tract via the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) (Morest, 1967;Cottle and Calaresu, 1975;Norgren, 1978;Beckstead et aL, 1980;Rogers et aL, 1980;Arends et al , 1988), and controls the pharynx, larynx, and esophagus via the nucleus ambiguus (Amb) (Morest, 1967;Cottle and Calaresu, 1975 Cunningham et al, 1991), the NTS appears to play an important role as the afferent system of all visceromotor reflexes, including the emetic response.…”

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confidence: 99%

Ascending Projections from the Area Postrema and the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract of Suncus Murinus

Ito

Seki

1998

Okajimas Folia Anatomica Japonica

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Summary: Suncus murinus (suncus) is a new experimental animal model for research on the mechanisms underlying emesis. In the present study, we examined the ascending projections from the area postrema (AP) and the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) in suncus based on anterograde transport of phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin. The AP projected heavily to the dorsal vagal complex, especially in the commissural and medial subnuclei of the NTS, and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Some ascending fibers from the AP projected bilaterally to the parabrachial nucleus (Pb), but no labeling was observed rostral to this area. In contrast, the NTS had extensive projections as far as the basal forebrain. The NTS projections were observed in the AP, ventrolateral reticular formation including the nucleus ambiguus, A5 noradrenergic area, locus coeruleus, Pb, and central gray matter of the midbrain. At the level of the diencephalon, the NTS projections were seen in the dorsomedial, lateral, paraventricular, periventricular, supraoptic, retrochiasmatic and arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus, in addition to the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus. Terminal fields within the basal forebrain were also shown to include the medial preoptic area, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the substantia innominata and the ventral pallidum.The results indicated that the neurological relationship between the chemo-and/or barosensitive systems including the trigger of the emetic response and the general viscerosensory and/or -motor systems may exist also in the suncus.

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Central projections of gustatory nerves in the rat

Cited by 552 publications

References 33 publications

Richter and sodium appetite: From adrenalectomy to molecular biology

Richter and sodium appetite: From adrenalectomy to molecular biology

Heterogeneity of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expression in the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract

Ascending Projections from the Area Postrema and the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract of Suncus Murinus

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