Central origin of the antinociceptive action of botulinum toxin type A

Involvement of μ-opioid receptors in antinociceptive action of botulinum toxin type A

“…Since previous studies (Bach-Rojecky and Lacković, 2009;Filipovic et al, 2012;Matak et al, 2011) indicated that BTX-A antinociceptive action is of central origin, we hypothesized that the site of BTX-A interaction with opioid receptors in our experiments occurs in the spinal cord. Therefore, to eliminate possible systemic effects of naltrexone, the low, systemically ineffective dose of naltrexone (7 µg/10 µl) was administered intrathecally.…”

Botulinum toxin A, brain and pain

“…4) (Sluka et al, 2001;Bach-Rojecky et al, 2009). Xiao et al, 2011;Filipović et al, 2012;Xiao et al, 2013).…”

“…In this review we will focus on the most relevant findings and current hypotheses on the mechanism of BoNT/A antinociceptive actions. Though the BoNT/A action on pain is still dominantly believed to be of peripheral origin (Aoki and Francis, 2011;Francisco et al, 2012;Wheeler and Smith, 2013), novel experiments demonstrated that BoNT/A is axonally transported to central sensory regions, and proposed that its antinociceptive action is centrally mediated (Bach-Rojecky et al, 2009;Drinovac et al, 2013;Marinelli et al, 2012;Matak et al, 2011).…”

Botulinum toxin’s axonal transport from periphery to the spinal cord

“…Retrograde axonal transport of low dose BTX-A in spinal sensory neurons has been suggested by behavioral experiments in models of bilateral muscular hyperalgesia (Bach-Rojecky & Lacković, 2009) and diabetic neuropathy (Bach-Rojecky et al, 2010).…”