Central Nervous System Involvement in Pediatric Systemic Autoimmune Diseases

Abstract

Central nervous system (CNS) involvement occurs in many pediatric systemic autoimmune diseases. These manifestations are often associated with increased morbidity and mortality and can have adverse long-term effects on neurodevelopmental, health-related, and quality-of-life outcomes. In this review, we summarize the existing literature on CNS involvement in pediatric systemic autoimmune diseases, compare diagnostic findings, and describe current treatments. CNS manifestations of pediatric systemic autoimmune disease present diagnostic and management challenges due to their relatively rare occurrence in children, the difficulty in confirming direct CNS involvement as opposed to secondary symptoms occurring as a consequence of systemic inflammation, and the need to define treatment strategies effective for CNS involvement.

Examining Neural Correlates of Sexual Preferences between Persian Homo- and Heterosexual Males Using Psychological Assessments and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Specifying Cognitive Map: A Limited and Cross-sectional Study

“…The CT, MRI, and fMRI techniques have long been established as suitable functional methods for studying the metabolism of a specific organ. [106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118] Regardless of all psychological issues and from the physical health perspective, the metabolic detecting by positron or single photon emission computed tomography [119][120][121][122][123][124][125] -using distinct radiopharmaceuticals [126][127][128][129][130][131][132][133] besides registration of neuroimages could accelerate the finding relationship between sexual activity, health, and also cancer [134][135][136][137][138][139][140][141][142] from prostate and oral-esophageal cancer risk by human papillomavirus. The operative and adjuvant ways acknowledge that brain performance is significantly distinguished by neuroimaging in personality evaluation and also psychological schedules.…”