Central Bank Independence and Democratic Accountability

Sousa, Pedro

doi:10.2139/ssrn.2172520

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…The value calculated here, following the necessary transformation to fit the Lijphart-scale, also results in the value 0.63. Finally, Sousa (2003), other recent studies (Arnone et al 2006, Baltensperger et al 2007, De Haan et al 2003, Freitag 2001, Schweizerische Nationalbank 2007 and the experts interviewed all confirm that in an international comparative context, the SNB is still one of the most independent central banks.…”

Section: Judicial Reviewmentioning

confidence: 56%

“…The calculated averages of the two very similar indices for measuring central bank independence by Cukiermann et al 1994 andGrilli et al 1991 results for the SNB for the new research period (1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007) -and transformed into the Lijphart-scale -in exactly the same value as Lijphart (1999: 314) calculated for the period 1971-1996, namely 0.63. In addition, the present value was validated by calculating the degree of independence of the SNB on the basis of Sousa's (2003) "alternative legal independence index", which is based on nine indicators concerning staffrelated, political, economic and financial dimensions of central bank independence. The value calculated here, following the necessary transformation to fit the Lijphart-scale, also results in the value 0.63.…”

Section: Judicial Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Swiss Consensus Democracy in Transition: A Re-analysis of Lijphart's Concept of Democracy for Switzerland from 1997 to 2007

Vatter

2008

World Political Science

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The present article addresses the question of whether Switzerland can continue to be seen as an extreme case of federal consensus democracy, as illustrated by Arend Lijphart (1999). A re-analysis of Lijphart's (1999) study of the Swiss political system from 1997 to 2007 clearly demonstrates that due to recent political-institutional changes (a decreasing number of parties, growing electoral disproportionality, increasing decentralization and deregulation of the relationship between the state and interest groups), a consensus democracy with strong tendencies toward adjustment and normalization of the original exceptional Swiss case to meet the rest of the continental European consensus democracies has emerged. This development has been further strengthened by intensified public political contestation, rising polarization between the political camps in parliament, and the weakening of the cooperative search for consensus as the dominant mode of negotiation within the government. From the perspective of international comparison, Switzerland can thus be seen henceforth as a typical example, not an extreme case, of consensus democracy.

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Section: Judicial Reviewmentioning

confidence: 56%

Section: Judicial Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Swiss Consensus Democracy in Transition: A Re-analysis of Lijphart's Concept of Democracy for Switzerland from 1997 to 2007

Vatter

2008

World Political Science

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“…Andererseits wird die Unabhängigkeit der SNB durch die neue dreiteilige Rechenschafts-und Informationspflicht sowie den im totalrevidierten Gesetz viel präziseren Zielauftrag der SNB auch begrenzt. Eine hier vorgenommene Zuordnung der Schweiz für den Zeitraum 1997 bis 2007 zu den vier Dimensionen von Cukiermann et al (1994) 21 zur Erfassung der "legal independence of central banks" und den davon abgeleiteten 16 Variablen sowie dem "index of political and economic independence" von Grilli et al (1991) Sousa (2003), der sich auf neun Indikatoren zur personellen, politischen, ökonomischen und finanziellen Unabhängigkeit von Zentralbanken stützt. Der hier berechnete Wert ergibt nach der notwendigen Transformation in die Lijphart-Skala ebenfalls den Wert von 0.63.…”

Section: Merkmalunclassified

“…Der hier berechnete Wert ergibt nach der notwendigen Transformation in die Lijphart-Skala ebenfalls den Wert von 0.63. Sousa (2003), weitere neue Untersuchungen (Arnone et al 2006;Baltensperger et al 2007;de Haan et al 2003;Freitag 2001;Schweizerische Nationalbank 2007) und die befragten Experten bestätigen schliesslich, dass die SNB im internationalen Vergleich auch für die neueste Zeit weiterhin zu den unabhängigsten Notenbanken zählt.…”

Section: Merkmalunclassified

Vom Extremtyp zum Normalfall? Die schweizerische Konsensusdemokratie im Wandel: Eine Re‐Analyse von Lijpharts Studie für die Schweiz von 1997 bis 2007

Vatter

2008

Swiss Political Sci Review

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Can Switzerland still be seen as an extreme case of federal consensus democracy, as illustrated by Arend Lijphart (1999)? A reanalysis of Lijphart's study of the Swiss political system from 1997 to 2007 clearly demonstrates that a consensus democracy has emerged that bears strong tendencies toward adjustment and normalization of the original exceptional Swiss case to the rest of the continental European consensus democracies. Switzerland can be considered a typical, rather than extreme, case of consensus democracy.

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“…Así, la banca de desarrollo, en ausencia de mercados de capitales fuertes y 25 Véase los índices de independencia en HughesHallet & Libich (2006). ParaSousa (2002), la autonomía del Banco Central depende más de arreglos institucionales informales, que de mecanismos legales formales.…”

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El BNDES y las estrategias de desarrollo económico en Brasil. Banca pública de desarrollo, instituciones gubernamentales y trayectorias de intervención estatal (1952-2010).

Cabria¹,

Juan²

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organismos más importantes con que cuenta el Estado brasileño para desempeñar su papel económico. A su condición de proveedor de crédito en condiciones preferenciales a los sectores considerados prioritarios, se une su capacidad para participar de distintas políticas públicas que han compuesto sucesivas estrategias de desarrollo económico desde el periodo de la industrialización sustitutiva. Esta tesis aborda, desde una perspectiva a largo plazo que abarca el periodo entre 1952 hasta 2010, los distintos cambios en el papel del banco, y cómo a partir de ellos ha influenciado dichas estrategias. Para ello se analizará la evolución institucional del BNDES, desde su fundación en la década de 1950, hasta el final del último gobierno Lula. Asimismo, también se atenderá a cuatro secuencias temporales, que se estima que han sido las coyunturas más decisivas para la trayectoria de la institución, dado que en esos momentos los cambios experimentados fueron mayores, y, además, tuvieron mayores consecuencias posteriores.Palabras clave: Bancos de desarrollo, capacidades estatales, estrategias de desarrollo, instituciones, dependencia de trayectoria.Abstract: The Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social is one of the most important organizations on which the brazilian State counts to perform its economic role. With its credit supplier condition in preferential circumstances to the considered priority sector, it combines its capacity to participate in different public policies that have composed successive economic development strategies since the substitute industrialization period. This thesis, from a long-term perspective that covers the period from 1952 to 2010, deals with the different changes in the Bank role, and how have they influenced the mentioned strategies. With this purpose, the institutional evolution of the BNDES will be analyzed, since its foundation in the 1950s decade until the end of the last Lulas' government. Likewise, four temporary sequences will be carried out, they are supposed to be the most decisive situations for the institution path, due to the fact that in those periods the changes experienced were bigger, and further, they also had bigger consequences.

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Central Bank Independence and Democratic Accountability

Cited by 9 publications

References 43 publications

Swiss Consensus Democracy in Transition: A Re-analysis of Lijphart's Concept of Democracy for Switzerland from 1997 to 2007

Swiss Consensus Democracy in Transition: A Re-analysis of Lijphart's Concept of Democracy for Switzerland from 1997 to 2007

Vom Extremtyp zum Normalfall? Die schweizerische Konsensusdemokratie im Wandel: Eine Re‐Analyse von Lijpharts Studie für die Schweiz von 1997 bis 2007

El BNDES y las estrategias de desarrollo económico en Brasil. Banca pública de desarrollo, instituciones gubernamentales y trayectorias de intervención estatal (1952-2010).

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