Central adiposity associations to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in individuals with complete motor spinal cord injury

Gorgey, Ashraf S.; Mather, Kieren J.; Gater, David R.

doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2010.08.002

Cited by 104 publications

(156 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…3 Spungen et al 4 also reported greater fat mass (FM) at the arm, leg, and whole-body in persons with recent SCI compared to age-matched individuals. In addition, visceral adipose tissue is typically increased 5 which combined with rapid muscle atrophy increases risk of heart disease, 6 diabetes, 7 dyslipidemia, 6 and overall morbidity and mortality.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic activity-based therapy does not improve body composition, insulin-like growth factor-I, adiponectin, or myostatin in persons with spinal cord injury

Astorino

Harness

Witzke

2014

The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine

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Spinal cord injury (SCI) induces dramatic changes in body composition including reductions in fat-free mass (FFM) and increases in fat mass (FM). Objective: To examine changes in body composition in response to chronic activity-based therapy (ABT) in persons with SCI. Design: Longitudinal exercise intervention. Methods: Seventeen men and women with SCI (mean age = 36.1 ± 11.5 years) completed 6 months of supervised ABT consisting of load bearing, resistance training, locomotor training, and functional electrical stimulation. At baseline and after 3 and 6 months of ABT, body weight, body fat, and FFM were assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and fasting blood samples were obtained to assess changes in insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), adiponectin, and myostatin. Results: Across all subjects, there was no change (P > 0.05) in body weight, percent body fat, or FFM of the leg, arm, or trunk, whereas whole-body FFM declined (P = 0.02, 50.4 ± 8.4 to 49.2 ± 7.4 kg). No changes (P = 0.21-0.41) were demonstrated in IGF-I, adiponectin, or myostatin during the study. Conclusions: Chronic ABT focusing on the lower extremity does not slow muscle atrophy or alter body fat, body mass, or regional depots of FFM in persons with SCI. Further, it does not induce beneficial changes in adiponectin, myostatin, or IGF-I. Alternative exercise-based therapies are needed in SCI to reverse muscle atrophy and minimize the onset of related health risks.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic activity-based therapy does not improve body composition, insulin-like growth factor-I, adiponectin, or myostatin in persons with spinal cord injury

Astorino

Harness

Witzke

2014

The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine

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“…5 More importantly, WC, which is known to be a good surrogate measure of visceral adipose tissue in the persons with SCI, as well as in able-bodied population, was lower in the severe spasticity group. 14,15 Because increase in visceral adipose tissue is known to be associated with altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in both able-bodied and SCI populations, 16,17 severe spasticity, especially in lower extremities as presented in this study, might be regarded as to have protective effects against adverse metabolic profiles commonly seen in individuals with SCI.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Severe spasticity in lower extremities is associated with reduced adiposity and lower fasting plasma glucose level in persons with spinal cord injury

et al. 2016

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Study design: Cross-sectional study. Objectives: To investigate the effects of severe lower extremity spasticity on anthropometric dimensions, body composition and metabolic profiles in persons with chronic motor complete spinal cord injury (SCI). Setting: Outpatient clinic. Methods: Fifty-five of the 61 participants were divided into two groups (no or mild spasticity group, 28; severe spasticity group, 27) based on the assessment of the extensor muscle spasticity according to the modified Ashworth scale. Anthropometric dimensions (waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WtHR)), body composition (fat mass (FM), body fat percentage (BFP), fat-free mass (FFM), fat-free mass percentage (FFMP), bone mineral density (BMD)) and metabolic profiles (leptin, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglyceride (TG), fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)) were compared between the two groups with different degree of spasticity. Results: Spasticity of the extensor muscle group negatively correlated with BFP (r = − 0.458, Po0.001). Patients with severe spasticity showed a lower WC and WtHR than those in the no or mild spasticity group (P = 0.038, P = 0.006, respectively). The FM, BFP, leptin and FPG of the severe spasticity group were significantly lower than those of the patients in the no or mild spasticity group (P = 0.003, Po0.001, Po0.001 and P = 0.037, respectively). However, no differences in BMD, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, TG and HbA1c were observed between the groups. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that severe spasticity in lower extremities is associated with reduced adiposity and lower FPG levels in persons with chronic motor complete SCI.

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“…However, DXA is limited in distinguishing between subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and ectopic adipose tissue [6] . The anatomy and distribution of adipose tissue is of particular interest to the metabolic health after SCI [5][6][7]16] . Triglycerides can be either stored in subcutaneous or ectopic sites similar to the peritoneum, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), in the liver (steatosis), in the muscle such as IMF or IeMF and in the bone marrow as BMF.…”

Section: Types Of Adipose Tissuementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Persons with SCI have 58% and 48% greater VAT CSA and VAT/ SAT CSA compared to ND controls [27] . It is apparent that VAT and increase VAT/SAT ratio are likely to have detrimental effects on the metabolic profile after SCI [5] .…”

Section: Central Adipose Tissuementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, adipose tissues secrete number of active peptides called adipokines [3] . Interest in studying adipose tissue physiology and anatomical distribution has stemmed from its closest association with disturbance in metabolic profile including carbohydrate, lipid, and bone metabolism [3][4][5][6][7] . Most recently the link between adipose tissue and bone health has been recognized after spinal cord injury (SCI) [7] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adiposity and spinal cord injury

Gorgey¹

2015

WJO

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The drastic changes in body composition following spinal cord injury (SCI) have been shown to play a significant role in cardiovascular and metabolic health. The pattern of storage and distribution of different types of adipose tissue may impact metabolic health variables similar to carbohydrate, lipid and bone metabolism. The use of magnetic resonance imaging provides insights on the interplay among different regional adipose tissue compartments and their role in developing chronic diseases. Regional adipose tissue can be either distributed centrally or peripherally into subcutaneous and ectopic sites. The primary ectopic adipose tissue sites are visceral, intramuscular and bone marrow. Dysfunction in the central nervous system following SCI impacts the pattern of distribution of adiposity especially between tetraplegia and paraplegia. The current editorial is focused primarily on introducing different types of adipose tissue and establishing scientific basis to develop appropriate dietary, rehabilitation or pharmaceutical interventions to manage the negative consequences of increasing adiposity after SCI. We have also summarized the clinical implications and future recommendations relevant to study adiposity after SCI.

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Central adiposity associations to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in individuals with complete motor spinal cord injury

Cited by 104 publications

References 46 publications

Chronic activity-based therapy does not improve body composition, insulin-like growth factor-I, adiponectin, or myostatin in persons with spinal cord injury

Chronic activity-based therapy does not improve body composition, insulin-like growth factor-I, adiponectin, or myostatin in persons with spinal cord injury

Severe spasticity in lower extremities is associated with reduced adiposity and lower fasting plasma glucose level in persons with spinal cord injury

Adiposity and spinal cord injury

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