“…For example, the CSA tensors of 1 H, 13 C, and 15 N in a hydrogen-bonding environment are notably different compared to those without hydrogen bondings, with particular principal components even being linearly responsive to the hydrogen-bonding strength. ,, Specifically for protons, its small CSA and narrow chemical shift range render the detection of proton CSA particularly challenging, but the high sensitivity and natural abundance make the investigation of proton CSA an attracting project. For 13 C CSA, in addition to hydrogen bonding, both the orientations and magnitudes of the principal components of 13 C α CSA in proteins are noticeably different between helical and sheet domains, providing important constraints for accurate structure determinations. ,, As the CSA and dipolar coupling tensors can be encoded together as a function of the molecular orientation, the combined analyses of CSA and heteronuclear dipolar recoupling interactions provides additional information for refining or determining high-resolution structures. ,, Besides, similar to dipolar coupling, CSA can also be used to reveal the dynamical information in fast, intermediate, and slow motions. − …”