Centenary Paper:
            <i>Plan and constitution – Aristotle's Hippodamus: towards an 'ostensive' definition of spatial planning</i>

Mazza, Luigi

doi:10.3828/tpr.80.2.2

Cited by 26 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The orthogonal grid, the most common planned street pattern, is often traced back to Hippodamus of Miletus (Mazza 2009;Paden 2001)-whom Aristotle labeled the father of city planning for his orthogonal design of Piraeus in ancient Greece-but archaeologists have found vestiges in earlier settlements around the world (Burns 1976;Stanislawski 1946). Mohenjo-Daro in the Indus Valley, dating to 2500 BCE, featured a north-south-east-west orthogonal grid (McIntosh 2007).…”

Section: Street Network Planningmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The grid has been used to express political power, promote military rule, improve cadastral legibility, foster egalitarianism, and encourage land speculation and development (Ellickson 2013;Groth 1981;Low 2009;Martin 2000;Mazza 2009; Rose-Redwood 2011; Sennett 1990). Many cities spatially juxtapose planned and unplanned districts or non-binarily intermingle top-down design with bottom-up self-organized complexity.…”

Section: Street Network Planningmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Urban spatial order: street network orientation, configuration, and entropy

2019

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Street networks may be planned according to clear organizing principles or they may evolve organically through accretion, but their configurations and orientations help define a city's spatial logic and order. Measures of entropy reveal a city's streets' order and disorder. Past studies have explored individual cases of orientation and entropy, but little is known about broader patterns and trends worldwide. This study examines street network orientation, configuration, and entropy in 100 cities around the world using OpenStreetMap data and OSMnx. It measures the entropy of street bearings in weighted and unweighted network models, along with each city's typical street segment length, average circuity, average node degree, and the network's proportions of four-way intersections and dead-ends. It also develops a new indicator of orientation-order that quantifies how a city's street network follows the geometric ordering logic of a single grid. A cluster analysis is performed to explore similarities and differences among these study sites in multiple dimensions. Significant statistical relationships exist between city orientation-order and other indicators of spatial order, including street circuity and measures of connectedness. On average, US/Canadian study sites are far more grid-like than those elsewhere, exhibiting less entropy and circuity. These indicators, taken in concert, help reveal the extent and nuance of the grid. These methods demonstrate automatic, scalable, reproducible tools to empirically measure and visualize city spatial order, illustrating complex urban transportation system patterns and configurations around the world.

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Section: Street Network Planningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Street Network Planningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban spatial order: street network orientation, configuration, and entropy

2019

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“…It is also worth mentioning a recent re-interpretation of the ancient-Greek planning practices by Hippodamus. This re-interpretation discussed the exploration developed by Hippodamus on issues of cities and urban forms, pointed out through an innovative "zoning" plan Hippodamus realized the links between political or social control (population and activities) and spatial ordering, and "between plan and citizenship" for the first time [84]. The indicated interaction between the customs and practices of local inhabitants and the transformation of urban forms and spaces is worthy of attention, particularly when addressing the complex relationship among urban fabrics and forms, population, spatial practices, living behaviors, etc., as the case of Yingping shows.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Learning from Italian Typology- and Morphology-Led Planning Techniques: A Planning Framework for Yingping, Xiamen

Xie

2019

Sustainability

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As a vital historic neighborhood with an indeterminate large-scale planning scheme, Yingping, located in the city center of Xiamen, China, is struggling with poor livability and growing incoherent private additions and renovations that largely undermine the local historic urban landscape. Inspired by Italian typology- and morphology-led planning techniques, this study explores the possible interpretations and implications of their applications in Yingping to address its interconnected, heterogeneous, and stratified urban fabric and planning problems. The research is developed through a two-pronged multi-layered planning framework. Firstly, from the maintenance perspective, five intervention approaches are grouped, with a specific focus on the leading structural elements of the urban fabric—the arcade streets. Secondly, from the morphological view and through the ecological lens, six characterized areas are identified and classified with respective morphological features and crucial planning problems being faced. This framework provides a strategic thematization of corresponding optimizing strategies and suitable guidelines to direct future governmental actions and to support the self-maintenance of local inhabitants toward sustainable development. The study also presents the possibility that such techniques are applicable to the Chinese context and is expected to inspire further research and practices in China and beyond.

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“…The important work of Mazza (2009) focused on the political purpose and implications of the grid as a planned form, while our submission is about its economic rationale and effects. The discourse of Mazza and Bianconi (2014) on the substantive versus process-related knowledge in planning referred to the grid as a subject but did not see the layout, whether grid or otherwise, as a resource (property rights) allocation device.…”

Section: Space and Lot Boundaries In Planning Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

‘Surveying was a kind of writing on the land’: The economics of land division as town planning

Lai

Davies

2020

Planning Theory

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This article is about the economic role of the primaeval layouts (plats) for a new development area as a conscious act of physical planning. It explains that these foundational layouts of a town or country in the ‘new world’ were traditionally the work of a surveyor, the impacts of which have been lasting. Typically following a grid iron pattern, with roots in ancient history, the layout of the surveyor may not look attractive. Yet, it has stood the test of time and continued to condition modern development. It serves two significant economic functions. First, it reduces several types of transaction costs, namely, those of competition for land, valuation allocation, identification and subdivision of land as well as revising a layout. Second, it serves to achieve agglomeration, establish a proprietary and common setting and provide vital information as different forms of public good.

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Centenary Paper: Plan and constitution – Aristotle's Hippodamus: towards an 'ostensive' definition of spatial planning

Cited by 26 publications

References 9 publications

Urban spatial order: street network orientation, configuration, and entropy

Urban spatial order: street network orientation, configuration, and entropy

Learning from Italian Typology- and Morphology-Led Planning Techniques: A Planning Framework for Yingping, Xiamen

‘Surveying was a kind of writing on the land’: The economics of land division as town planning

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