Cenozoic formation and colonisation history of the New Zealand vascular flora based on molecular clock dating of the plastid<i>rbcL</i>gene

Heenan, P. B.; McGlone, Matt S.

doi:10.1080/0028825x.2019.1632356

Cited by 27 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…New Zealand is considered a continental island, because it separated from Gondwana 80 million years ago. Nevertheless, much of its flora, especially non-woody taxa, is considered to have arrived by long distance-dispersal following large-scale marine transgression during the Oligocene ( Heenan and McGlone, 2019 ). Still, lineages on New Zealand included in our analyses are on average older than those of the other island systems ( Table 2 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polyploidy on Islands: Its Emergence and Importance for Diversification

et al. 2021

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Whole genome duplication or polyploidy is widespread among floras globally, but traditionally has been thought to have played a minor role in the evolution of island biodiversity, based on the low proportion of polyploid taxa present. We investigate five island systems (Juan Fernández, Galápagos, Canary Islands, Hawaiian Islands, and New Zealand) to test whether polyploidy (i) enhances or hinders diversification on islands and (ii) is an intrinsic feature of a lineage or an attribute that emerges in island environments. These island systems are diverse in their origins, geographic and latitudinal distributions, levels of plant species endemism (37% in the Galapagos to 88% in the Hawaiian Islands), and ploidy levels, and taken together are representative of islands more generally. We compiled data for vascular plants and summarized information for each genus on each island system, including the total number of species (native and endemic), generic endemicity, chromosome numbers, genome size, and ploidy levels. Dated phylogenies were used to infer lineage age, number of colonization events, and change in ploidy level relative to the non-island sister lineage. Using phylogenetic path analysis, we then tested how the diversification of endemic lineages varied with the direct and indirect effects of polyploidy (presence of polyploidy, time on island, polyploidization near colonization, colonizer pool size) and other lineage traits not associated with polyploidy (time on island, colonizer pool size, repeat colonization). Diploid and tetraploid were the most common ploidy levels across all islands, with the highest ploidy levels (>8x) recorded for the Canary Islands (12x) and New Zealand (20x). Overall, we found that endemic diversification of our focal island floras was shaped by polyploidy in many cases and certainly others still to be detected considering the lack of data in many lineages. Polyploid speciation on the islands was enhanced by a larger source of potential congeneric colonists and a change in ploidy level compared to overseas sister taxa.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polyploidy on Islands: Its Emergence and Importance for Diversification

et al. 2021

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“…Therefore, we might have expected (a) an increase in speciation rate during the Miocene and/or (b) an increased extinction rate. Model-based diversification methods have rarely been applied to the New Zealand biota (Heenan & McGlone, 2019;Marshall, Hill, Cooley, & Simon, 2011), so there are very few explicit tests of these predictions.…”

Section: Post-oligocene Diversificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The emerging biogeographic consensus supports a complex colonization history for the formation of the New Zealand biota, including autochthonous elements representing Gondwanan lineages. Although the hypothesis of a mass extinction or bottlenecking of lineages during the Oligocene has been examined by analysing the distributions of divergence times across taxa (Heenan & McGlone, ; McCulloch & Waters, ; Wallis & Jorge, ), it has not been tested using explicit models of diversification (May, Hohna, & Moore, ; Pybus & Harvey, ). These models enable the detection of an increase in the extinction rate and/or a decrease in speciation rate, which we can predict to have occurred during the Oligocene Drowning.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple lineages of hyper‐diverse Zopheridae beetles survived the New Zealand Oligocene Drowning

Buckley

Lord

Ramón-Laca

et al. 2020

Journal of Biogeography

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Aim During the late Oligocene (23 mya) the New Zealand landmass was reduced to approximately 18% of its current area. It has been hypothesized that this event, known as the Oligocene Drowning, caused population bottlenecking and mass extinction. Using phylogenetic methods, we examine the effect of this and other environmental events on the hyper‐diverse Zopheridae beetles (162 morphospecies), which largely inhabit leaf litter and dead wood. Location New Zealand. Taxon Zopheridae, Coleoptera. Methods Here we use a fossil‐calibrated phylogenetic tree estimated from mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and nuclear large subunit rRNA genes to identify monophyletic New Zealand zopherid lineages and date the age of these lineages. We used Bayesian diversification models (compound Poisson process on mass extinction times) to test the hypothesis that the New Zealand zopherids underwent a mass extinction in the late Oligocene followed by an increase in speciation rate in the Miocene. We also used these data to estimate the age of these lineages in New Zealand. Results We demonstrate that 15–20 zopherid lineages survived the Oligocene Drowning depending on the calibration scheme. Of these lineages from 3 to 11 have posterior intervals that encompass the rifting of New Zealand from Gondwana in the late Cretaceous, again depending on the calibration scheme. The diversification model shows no evidence of an increase in extinction rate during the Oligocene Drowning or during any other period since the Cretaceous. Furthermore, rather than recovering an increase in speciation rate during the Miocene and Pliocene, due to environmental changes, we instead recovered a large drop in the speciation rate during this time. Main conclusions The New Zealand zopherid fauna is a combination of lineages, some of which may have existed on New Zealand since the rifting from Gondwana and other more recent arrivals. The late Oligocene reduction in land area was insufficient to cause a mass extinction in the Zopheridae. This suggests the amount of emergent land was great enough to support a diverse invertebrate fauna. Our study demonstrates the different biogeographic patterns evident in cryptic, hyper‐diverse, and poorly dispersing invertebrate species relative to more mobile plants and animals.

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“…Although taxonomy and systematics have for some time been the journal's bread and butter, recent issues have encompassed a satisfying range of other disciplines, including biochemistry, plant physiology, ecology, and palaeontology. It is also pleasing to see authors submitting phylogeographic studies of international scope (Shepherd and Heenan 2017); as well as complex papers integrating multiple dimensions of organism biology (Sultan et al 2018), and tackling major questions about the origins of south temperate biotas (Heenan and McGlone 2019).…”

Section: Editorialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Editorial

Lusk

2019

New Zealand Journal of Botany

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Cenozoic formation and colonisation history of the New Zealand vascular flora based on molecular clock dating of the plastidrbcLgene

Cited by 27 publications

References 93 publications

Polyploidy on Islands: Its Emergence and Importance for Diversification

Polyploidy on Islands: Its Emergence and Importance for Diversification

Multiple lineages of hyper‐diverse Zopheridae beetles survived the New Zealand Oligocene Drowning

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