Cenicriviroc prevents dysregulation of astrocyte/endothelial cross talk induced by ischemia and HIV-1 via inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome and pyroptosis

Abstract

Blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown is one of the pathophysiological characteristics of ischemic stroke, which may contribute to the progression of brain tissue damage and subsequent neurological impairment. HIV-infected individuals are at greater risk for ischemic stroke due to diminished immune function and HIV-associated vasculopathy. Studies have shown that astrocytes are involved in maintaining BBB integrity and facilitating HIV-1 infection in the brain. The present study investigated whether targeting astrocyte-endothelial cell signaling with cenicriviroc (CVC), a dual CCR2 and CCR5 antagonist, may protect against dysregulation of cross talk between these cells after oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) combined with HIV-1 infection. Permeability assay with 10 kDa FITC-dextran demonstrated that CVC alleviated endothelial barrier disruption in non-contact co-culture of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) with HIV-1-infected human astrocytes, and reversed downregulation of tight junction protein claudin-5 induced by OGD/R- and HIV-1. Moreover, CVC attenuated OGD/R- and HIV-1-triggered the upregulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and IL-1β secretion. Treatment with CVC also suppressed astrocyte pyroptosis by attenuating cleaved caspase-1 levels and the formation of cleaved N-terminal GSDMD (N-GSDMD). Secretome profiling revealed that CVC ameliorated secretion levels of chemokine CCL17, adhesion molecule ICAM-1, and T cell activation modulator TIM-3 by astrocytes synergistically induced by OGD/R and HIV-1. Overall, these results suggest that CVC contributes to restoring astrocyte-endothelial cross interactions in an astrocyte-dependent manner via protection against NLRP3 activation and pyroptosis.