Cellulose synthesis in maize: isolation and expression analysis of the cellulose synthase (CesA) gene family

Appenzeller, Laura M.; Doblin, Monika S.; Barreiro, Roberto; Wang, Haiyin; Niu, Xiaomu; Kollipara, K. P.; Carrigan, L. L.; Tomes, D. T.; Chapman, Mike; Dhugga, Kanwarpal S.

doi:10.1023/b:cell.0000046417.84715.27

Cited by 196 publications

(190 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…One might further speculate that the changes in the amount of arabinoxylan and its structure might contribute positively to the compressive strength of the wall, given that the changes occur on the lower side of the gravistimulated pulvinus and that increases in lignin are also observed in the lower pulvinus. Despite the fact that maize stalk strength is correlated with cellulose rather than lignin content (Appenzeller et al, 2004) and that celluloseenriched tension wood is found on the upper side of tree branches (Andersson-Gunnerås et al, 2006), it was noteworthy that cellulose concentrations in walls did not change significantly in any part of the pulvinus (Fig. 3B) and no significant changes in CesA transcript levels were detected.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Cell Wall Modifications in Maize Pulvini in Response to Gravitational Stress

et al. 2011

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Changes in cell wall polysaccharides, transcript abundance, metabolite profiles, and hormone concentrations were monitored in the upper and lower regions of maize (Zea mays) pulvini in response to gravistimulation, during which maize plants placed in a horizontal position returned to the vertical orientation. Heteroxylan levels increased in the lower regions of the pulvini, together with lignin, but xyloglucans and heteromannan contents decreased. The degree of substitution of heteroxylan with arabinofuranosyl residues decreased in the lower pulvini, which exhibited increased mechanical strength as the plants returned to the vertical position. Few or no changes in noncellulosic wall polysaccharides could be detected on the upper side of the pulvinus, and crystalline cellulose content remained essentially constant in both the upper and lower pulvinus. Microarray analyses showed that spatial and temporal changes in transcript profiles were consistent with the changes in wall composition that were observed in the lower regions of the pulvinus. In addition, the microarray analyses indicated that metabolic pathways leading to the biosynthesis of phytohormones were differentially activated in the upper and lower regions of the pulvinus in response to gravistimulation. Metabolite profiles and measured hormone concentrations were consistent with the microarray data, insofar as auxin, physiologically active gibberellic acid, and metabolites potentially involved in lignin biosynthesis increased in the elongating cells of the lower pulvinus.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Cell Wall Modifications in Maize Pulvini in Response to Gravitational Stress

et al. 2011

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“…5A). The assembled 3#-anchored sequences distinguished 12 unique Table S1) that were previously characterized in maize (Holland et al, 2000;Appenzeller et al, 2004). The full-length CesA cDNAs (ZmGI) share up to 94% sequence identity.…”

Section: Distinguishing Gene Family Membersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcript Profiling by 3′-Untranslated Region Sequencing Resolves Expression of Gene Families

2007

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Differences in gene expression underlie central questions in plant biology extending from gene function to evolutionary mechanisms and quantitative traits. However, resolving expression of closely related genes (e.g. alleles and gene family members) is challenging on a genome-wide scale due to extensive sequence similarity and frequently incomplete genome sequence data. We present a new expression-profiling strategy that utilizes long-read, high-throughput sequencing to capture the information-rich 3#-untranslated region (UTR) of messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Resulting sequences resolve gene-specific transcripts independent of a sequenced genome. Analysis of approximately 229,000 3#-anchored sequences from maize (Zea mays) ovaries identified 14,822 unique transcripts represented by at least two sequence reads. Total RNA from ovaries of drought-stressed wild-type and viviparous-1 mutant plants was used to construct a multiplex cDNA library. Each sample was labeled by incorporating one of 16 unique three-base key codes into the 3#-cDNA fragments, and combined samples were sequenced using a GS 20 454 instrument. Transcript abundance was quantified by frequency of sequences identifying each unique mRNA. At least 202 unique transcripts showed highly significant differences in abundance between wild-type and mutant samples. For a subset of mRNAs, quantitative differences were validated by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The 3#-UTR profile resolved 12 unique cellulose synthase (CesA) transcripts in maize ovaries and identified previously uncharacterized members of a histone H1 gene family. In addition, this method resolved nearly identical paralogs, as illustrated by two auxin-repressed, dormancyassociated (Arda) transcripts, which showed reciprocal mRNA abundance in wild-type and mutant samples. Our results demonstrate the potential of 3#-UTR profiling for resolving gene-and allele-specific transcripts.

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“…The sequences of CSR domains, first thought to be hypervariable (Pear et al,1996;Delmer, 1999), form a multiclade subgroup structure that is conserved in CesAs across plant species (Vergara and Carpita, 2001;Penning et al, 2009). The multigene families of plant CesAs (Richmond and Somerville, 2000) are expressed differentially during plant growth; at least three isoforms are expressed during primary wall formation, and a different set of three isoforms is expressed during secondary cell wall synthesis (Tanaka et al, 2003;Appenzeller et al, 2004;Brown et al, 2005). The characterization of mutants for each of these isoforms indicates that they are nonredundant and perform specific roles within the CSC (Taylor, 2008).…”

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confidence: 99%

Rice Cellulose SynthaseA8 Plant-Conserved Region Is a Coiled-Coil at the Catalytic Core Entrance

et al. 2016

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The crystallographic structure of a rice (Oryza sativa) cellulose synthase, OsCesA8, plant-conserved region (P-CR), one of two unique domains in the catalytic domain of plant CesAs, was solved to 2.4 Å resolution. Two antiparallel a-helices form a coiledcoil domain linked by a large extended connector loop containing a conserved trio of aromatic residues. The P-CR structure was fit into a molecular envelope for the P-CR domain derived from small-angle X-ray scattering data. The P-CR structure and molecular envelope, combined with a homology-based chain trace of the CesA8 catalytic core, were modeled into a previously determined CesA8 small-angle X-ray scattering molecular envelope to produce a detailed topological model of the CesA8 catalytic domain. The predicted position for the P-CR domain from the molecular docking models places the P-CR connector loop into a hydrophobic pocket of the catalytic core, with the coiled-coil aligned near the entrance of the substrate UDP-glucose into the active site. In this configuration, the P-CR coiled-coil alone is unlikely to regulate substrate access to the active site, but it could interact with other domains of CesA, accessory proteins, or other CesA catalytic domains to control substrate delivery.

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Cellulose synthesis in maize: isolation and expression analysis of the cellulose synthase (CesA) gene family

Cited by 196 publications

References 66 publications

Cell Wall Modifications in Maize Pulvini in Response to Gravitational Stress

Cell Wall Modifications in Maize Pulvini in Response to Gravitational Stress

Transcript Profiling by 3′-Untranslated Region Sequencing Resolves Expression of Gene Families

Rice Cellulose SynthaseA8 Plant-Conserved Region Is a Coiled-Coil at the Catalytic Core Entrance

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