“…The reduction of particle size not only increases the diffusivity of bioactive compounds, but also helps to rupture the cell walls of the sample 31 , 32 . The reduction of sample particle size important in macroalgae samples, as the cell walls in macroalgae are extremely thick 33 . Figure 3 Mass Spectrometry analysis of S. cristaefolium extracts with varying particle sizes.…”
Sample particle size is an important parameter in the solid–liquid extraction system of natural products for obtaining their bioactive compounds. This study evaluates the effect of sample particle size on the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of brown macroalgae Sargassum cristaefolium. The crude ethanol extract was extracted from dried powders of S.cristeafolium with various particle sizes (> 4000 µm, > 250 µm, > 125 µm, > 45 µm, and < 45 µm). The ethanolic extracts of S.cristaefolium were analysed for Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC), phenolic compound concentration and antioxidant activities. The extract yield and phytochemical composition were more abundant in smaller particle sizes. Furthermore, the TPC (14.19 ± 2.08 mg GAE/g extract to 43.27 ± 2.56 mg GAE/g extract) and TFC (9.6 ± 1.8 mg QE/g extract to 70.27 ± 3.59 mg QE/g extract) values also significantly increased as particle sizes decreased. In addition, phenolic compounds epicatechin (EC), epicatechin gallate (ECG), epigallocatechin (EGC), and Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) concentration were frequently increased in samples of smaller particle sizes based on two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparison analysis. These results correlate with the significantly stronger antioxidant activity in samples with smaller particle sizes. The smallest particle size (< 45 µm) demonstrated the strongest antioxidant activity based on DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl assay and FRAP. In addition, ramp function graph evaluates the desired particle size for maximum phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity is 44 µm. In conclusion, current results show the importance of particle size reduction of macroalgae samples to increase the effectivity of its biological activity.
“…The reduction of particle size not only increases the diffusivity of bioactive compounds, but also helps to rupture the cell walls of the sample 31 , 32 . The reduction of sample particle size important in macroalgae samples, as the cell walls in macroalgae are extremely thick 33 . Figure 3 Mass Spectrometry analysis of S. cristaefolium extracts with varying particle sizes.…”
Sample particle size is an important parameter in the solid–liquid extraction system of natural products for obtaining their bioactive compounds. This study evaluates the effect of sample particle size on the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of brown macroalgae Sargassum cristaefolium. The crude ethanol extract was extracted from dried powders of S.cristeafolium with various particle sizes (> 4000 µm, > 250 µm, > 125 µm, > 45 µm, and < 45 µm). The ethanolic extracts of S.cristaefolium were analysed for Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC), phenolic compound concentration and antioxidant activities. The extract yield and phytochemical composition were more abundant in smaller particle sizes. Furthermore, the TPC (14.19 ± 2.08 mg GAE/g extract to 43.27 ± 2.56 mg GAE/g extract) and TFC (9.6 ± 1.8 mg QE/g extract to 70.27 ± 3.59 mg QE/g extract) values also significantly increased as particle sizes decreased. In addition, phenolic compounds epicatechin (EC), epicatechin gallate (ECG), epigallocatechin (EGC), and Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) concentration were frequently increased in samples of smaller particle sizes based on two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparison analysis. These results correlate with the significantly stronger antioxidant activity in samples with smaller particle sizes. The smallest particle size (< 45 µm) demonstrated the strongest antioxidant activity based on DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl assay and FRAP. In addition, ramp function graph evaluates the desired particle size for maximum phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity is 44 µm. In conclusion, current results show the importance of particle size reduction of macroalgae samples to increase the effectivity of its biological activity.
“…However, starch is largely stored intracellularly (i.e., in the cytosol) in red algae (Pueschel 1990, Viola et al 2001) and any cell wall α-glucans would likely be soluble as their mean chain length is in the range 9-17 (Turvey andSimpson 1966, Ozaki et al 1967). Thus, we predict that our insoluble Glc residues largely arise from cellulose, a common microfibrillar skeletal component in macroalgae (Frei and Preston 1961, Usov 1992, Tsekos 1999, Vreeland and Kloareg 2000, Lee 2018), particularly in the secondary cell walls of corallines (Martone et al 2019). It still must be confirmed through further research whether most cellulose present in the cell walls of CCA is microfibrillar (CMFs).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 91%
“…CMFs are proposed to be the substrate that is crystallized when surrounded by inducing polysaccharides (Lowenstam 1981, Borowitzka and Larkum 1987, however, cellulose abundance alone has not been implicated in biomineralization, and it is well known that cellulose is present in the cell walls of many other species of non-calcifying red algae (Siegel and Siegel 1973). In the articulated coralline, Calliarthron sp., cellulose comprised the same percentage of algal wet weight in genicula as it did in decalcified intergenicula (Martone et al 2019, Janot et al 2022. Thus, biomineralization would likely also depend on the abundance of inducing polysaccharides.…”
Crustose coralline algae (CCA) are one of the most important benthic substrate consolidators on coral reefs through their ability to deposit calcium carbonate on an organic matrix in their cell walls. Discrete polysaccharides have been recognized for their role in biomineralization, yet little is known about the carbohydrate composition of organic matrices across CCA taxa and whether they have the capacity to modulate their organic matrix constituents amidst environmental change, particularly the threats of ocean acidification (OA) and warming. We simulated elevated pCO2 and temperature (IPCC RCP 8.5) and subjected four mid‐shelf Great Barrier Reef species of CCA to 2 months of experimentation. To assess the variability in surficial monosaccharide composition and biomineralization across species and treatments, we determined the monosaccharide composition of the polysaccharides present in the cell walls of surficial algal tissue and quantified calcification. Our results revealed dissimilarity among species' monosaccharide constituents, which suggests that organic matrices are composed of different polysaccharides across CCA taxa. We also observed that species differentially modulate composition in response to ocean acidification and warming. Our findings suggest that both variability in composition and ability to modulate monosaccharide abundance may play a crucial role in surficial biomineralization dynamics under the stress of OA and global warming.
“…Lewicki & Pawlak, 2003; Oliver et al ., 2020), the magnitude of these observed effects strongly suggests that the ability of macrophyte tissues to retain water has a drastic effect on the properties of their materials. While fine‐scale differences in materials are likely driven by variation in cell wall and extracellular matrix composition (Starko et al ., 2018; Martone et al ., 2019), the broad role of tissue hydration in determining material properties should not be overlooked.…”
Extreme environments have driven the evolution of some of the most inspiring adaptations in nature. In the intertidal zone of wave-swept shores, organisms face physical forces comparable to hurricanes and must further endure thermal and desiccation stress during low tides, compromising their physiological and biomechanical performance. We examine how these multiple stressors have influenced the evolution of tissue properties during desiccation using eight phylogenetically independent pairs of intertidal and subtidal macrophytes. Intertidal species generally lost water more slowly than their subtidal counterparts, presumably as an adaption to regular emersion. Under partial desiccation, breaking force, strength, and extensibility of intertidal species generally exceeded those of subtidal species, although important differences existed among phylogenetic pairs. This was often true even when subtidal relatives resisted greater forces or were more extensible under full hydration. The interacting effects of mechanical forces and desiccation during low tide are likely a major selective agent in determining macrophyte performance and fitness. Overall, we found that lineages that have independently evolved to occupy the waveswept intertidal have converged on performance metrics that are likely to be adaptive to the interacting stressors associated with their extreme niches.
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