Cellulose nanofibre enabled natural rubber composites: Microstructure, curing behaviour and dynamic mechanical properties

Kulshrestha, Upendra; Gupta, Tanmay; Kumawat, Pankaj; Jaiswal, Harsh; Ghosh, Subrata Bandhu; Sharma, Niti Nipun

doi:10.1016/j.polymertesting.2020.106676

Cited by 47 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…The massive amounts of hydroxyl (-OH) groups on the MFC surfaces absorbed the basic accelerator species resulted the reduction of accelerator efficiency [15]. In addition, -OH groups on the MFC surface limited the free radicals mobility which was generated during vulcanization, a longer ts2 and t90 were observed [16]. However, at the very high loading of MFC, 5 phr, -OH groups on the MFC surface may create strong interaction with the epoxy ring of ENR resulting in the reduction the number of unbounded -OH groups, as a consequence, the amount of absorbed accelerator on the MFC surface was less.…”

Section: Table 1 the Cure Characteristic And Mechanical Properties Data Of Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of epoxidation levels on curing characteristic and mechanical properties of ENR/MFC composites

Bhakri

Takenaka

Boonmahitthisud

et al. 2022

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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This study aimed to investigate the effect of epoxidation levels on the curing and tensile properties of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR)/microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) composites. ENRs with different levels of epoxidation were first prepared from natural rubber (NR) latex via ‘in situ’ performic epoxidation using 0.75 M formic acid and 1 M hydrogen peroxide at 50°C at various reaction times. The results from H1 NMR revealed that the reaction at 2, 4, and 6 hours could achieve 20, 30, and 40 mol % epoxidation, respectively. The introduction of epoxide groups into NR chains reduced the scorch and cure time along with the increase of the epoxy content. Furthermore, it was observed that the tensile strength rose remarkably at 30 mol% epoxidation (ENR30). Therefore, the ENR30 was subsequently chosen to prepare the composites with various amounts of MFC (1, 3, and 5 parts per hundred rubber, phr). Interestingly, incorporating MFC elevated tensile strength and elongation at break of ENR30. At 5 phr of MFC, the composite possessed the highest tensile strength and elongation at break value, which reached up to 31.07 MPa and 922.92%, respectively.

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Section: Table 1 the Cure Characteristic And Mechanical Properties Data Of Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of epoxidation levels on curing characteristic and mechanical properties of ENR/MFC composites

Bhakri

Takenaka

Boonmahitthisud

et al. 2022

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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“…The addition of other components containing functional groups possibly absorbs the free radicals formed during vulcanization on their surface thereby resulting in the decrease of curing rate. Therefore, it can be inferred that the combination of PHBV and PB-g-MA in ENR resulted in the retardance of crosslinking reaction from their carbonyl and epoxide groups [16].…”

Section: Cure Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of green materials from ENR-25/PHBV blends: Curing characteristics and mechanical performance

Tomano

Boondamnoen

Aumnate

et al. 2022

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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The objective of this work was to develop green materials from epoxidized natural rubber (25% epoxidation), (ENR-25), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate), (PHBV), and polybutadiene adducted with maleic anhydride, (PB-g-MA) as compatibilizer. The ENR-25/PHBV blends were prepared at the ratio of 100/0, 90/10, and 80/20 with 0 and 10 %wt. PB-g-MA. The blends were prepared using an internal mixer, where PHBV was first melted at a temperature of 175 °C before mixing with ENR-25 and the incorporation of a compatibilizer. The mixing of ENR-25 and PHBV was continued at a temperature of 175 °C and mixing speed of 50 rpm until it reaches the complete blending time. All ENR-25/PHBV blends were then mixed with curing agents in an internal mixer at a temperature of 50 °C. The cure characteristics were determined using a moving die rheometer (MDR). Then vulcanization proceeded in a compression molding machine. The result shows that the addition of PHBV enhanced the modulus of ENR-25 for every blend ratio with and without compatibilizer owing to the mechanical properties of PHBV. Significantly, the PB-g-MA compatibilizer successfully improved the interface adhesion between ENR-25 and PHBV and the decrease in phase size was clearly seen in the SEM images.

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“…Studies from Dominic et al [ 74 ] and Kulshrestha et al [ 119 ] show that partial substitution of CB by CNF of 5 phr and up to 15 phr, respectively, in NR performed substantially well in terms of mechanical strength when compared to systems fully reinforced by CB alone. This suggests that the use of NC could phase out the conventional filler in years to come.…”

Section: Properties Improvement Of Nanocellulose-reinforced Rubbermentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Developments in Nanocellulose-Reinforced Rubber Matrix Composites: A Review

et al. 2021

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Research and development of nanocellulose and nanocellulose-reinforced composite materials have garnered substantial interest in recent years. This is greatly attributed to its unique functionalities and properties, such as being renewable, sustainable, possessing high mechanical strengths, having low weight and cost. This review aims to highlight recent developments in incorporating nanocellulose into rubber matrices as a reinforcing filler material. It encompasses an introduction to natural and synthetic rubbers as a commodity at large and conventional fillers used today in rubber processing, such as carbon black and silica. Subsequently, different types of nanocellulose would be addressed, including its common sources, dimensions, and mechanical properties, followed by recent isolation techniques of nanocellulose from its resource and application in rubber reinforcement. The review also gathers recent studies and qualitative findings on the incorporation of a myriad of nanocellulose variants into various types of rubber matrices with the main goal of enhancing its mechanical integrity and potentially phasing out conventional rubber fillers. The mechanism of reinforcement and mechanical behaviors of these nanocomposites are highlighted. This article concludes with potential industrial applications of nanocellulose-reinforced rubber composites and the way forward with this technology.

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Cellulose nanofibre enabled natural rubber composites: Microstructure, curing behaviour and dynamic mechanical properties

Cited by 47 publications

References 45 publications

Effect of epoxidation levels on curing characteristic and mechanical properties of ENR/MFC composites

Effect of epoxidation levels on curing characteristic and mechanical properties of ENR/MFC composites

Development of green materials from ENR-25/PHBV blends: Curing characteristics and mechanical performance

Recent Developments in Nanocellulose-Reinforced Rubber Matrix Composites: A Review

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