Cellulose Nanofiber vs Nanocrystals From Pineapple Leaf Fiber: A Comparative Studies on Reinforcing Efficiency on Starch Nanocomposites

Balakrishnan, Preetha; Gopi, Sreerag; Geethamma, V. G.; Kalarikkal, Nandakumar; Thomas, Sabu

doi:10.1002/masy.201800102

Cited by 37 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Cellulose and starch are the two most abundant polysaccharides in nature; due to their similarity in their structures, there are expected to be no compatibility problems when preparing blends with these components [ 37 ]. In this way, the cellulose nanofibers (CNF) could be extracted from various parts of plants, such as pulp, bagasse, husk, and leaves.…”

Section: Cellulose Nanofibers (Cnf)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure 19 shows a short structure for CNC, while the suspension of CNF exhibits a higher L/D ratio. In addition, the crystallinity of the nanofiller is another critical factor; CNC has a higher crystallinity degree than CNF due to the elimination of amorphous regions in cellulosic arrays [ 37 ].…”

Section: Cellulose Nanocrystals (Cnc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The nanofillers that can be used for TPS reinforcement could be extracted from natural sources: cellulose [ 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ], native starch [ 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 ], clays [ 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 ], and chitosan [ 49 ]. The most used nanofillers are natural montmorillonite (MMT), organically modified montmorillonite (O-MMT), cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), and cellulose nanofibers (CNF).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Green Nanocomposites Based on Thermoplastic Starch: A Review

et al. 2021

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The development of bio-based materials has been a consequence of the environmental awareness generated over time. The versatility of native starch is a promising starting point for manufacturing environmentally friendly materials. This work aims to compile information on the advancements in research on thermoplastic starch (TPS) nanocomposites after the addition of mainly these four nanofillers: natural montmorillonite (MMT), organically modified montmorillonite (O-MMT), cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), and cellulose nanofibers (CNF). The analyzed properties of nanocomposites were mechanical, barrier, optical, and degradability. The most important results were that as the nanofiller increases, the TPS modulus and strength increase; however, the elongation decreases. Furthermore, the barrier properties indicate that that the incorporation of nanofillers confers superior hydrophobicity. However, the optical properties (transparency and luminosity) are mostly reduced, and the color variation is more evident with the addition of these fillers. The biodegradability rate increases with these nanocompounds, as demonstrated by the study of the method of burial in the soil. The results of this compilation show that the compatibility, proper dispersion, and distribution of nanofiller through the TPS matrix are critical factors in overcoming the limitations of starch when extending the applications of these biomaterials. TPS nanocomposites are materials with great potential for improvement. Exploring new sources of starch and natural nano-reinforcement could lead to a genuinely eco-friendly material that can replace traditional polymers in applications such as packaging.

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Section: Cellulose Nanofibers (Cnf)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cellulose Nanocrystals (Cnc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Green Nanocomposites Based on Thermoplastic Starch: A Review

et al. 2021

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“…Different plasticizers are applied, but glycerol and sorbitol are the most commonly used in TPS. The type and amount of plasticizer strongly depend on the processing methods, as well the required properties of the TPS products [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ]. As water can also act as a plasticizer for TPS, the moisture content of the samples significantly influences the measured characteristics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Structure and Interactions in Thermoplastic Starch–Nanocellulose Composites

2021

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Composite films were fabricated by using cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) as reinforcement up to 50 wt% in thermoplastic starch (TPS). Structure and interactions were modified by using different types (glycerol and sorbitol) and different amounts (30 and 40%) of plasticizers. The structure of the composites was characterized by visible spectroscopy, Haze index measurements, and scanning electron microscopy. Tensile properties were determined by tensile testing, and the effect of CNC content on vapor permeability was investigated. Although all composite films are transparent and can hardly be distinguished by human eyes, the addition of CNCs somewhat decreases the transmittance of the films. This can be related to the increased light scattering of the films, which is caused by the aggregation of nanocrystals, leading to the formation of micron-sized particles. Nevertheless, strength is enhanced by CNCs, mostly in the composite series prepared with 30% sorbitol. Additionally, the relatively high water vapor permeability of TPS is considerably decreased by the incorporation of at least 20 wt% CNCs. Reinforcement is determined mostly by the competitive interactions among starch, nanocellulose, and plasticizer molecules. The aging of the films is caused by the additional water uptake from the atmosphere and the retrogradation of starch.

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“…Additionally, fibers with different morphological and structural characteristics may improve the mechanical properties of the resulting biocomposite differently. That is the case of cellulose nanofibers and cellulose nanocrystals (extracted from pineapple leaf), which demonstrated different transparency, intermolecular attraction, and mechanical behavior in TPS biocomposites (P. Balakrishnan et al., 2018). The characteristics of biocomposite materials must go in line with the intended applications.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis and availability of lignocellulosic wastes: Assessments for Indonesia and Peru

Sari

Torres

Troncoso

et al. 2021

Environmental Quality Mgmt

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Developing countries located in the tropics have favorable climates to develop modern agriculture and agriculture‐based industry. Peru and Indonesia are examples of two developing countries located in the tropics with economies based on the export of agricultural products. The generation of agricultural and forest residues has continuously increased in these countries. In this paper, we analyze the availability of agricultural and forest products in Peru and Indonesia in order to calculate the number of residues that could potentially be used for different applications such as energy generation and composite materials production. A single index taking into account the technical, economic, and environmental performance of these residues‐based products was utilized to compare them. The results showed that, in addition to the generation of energy, the production of plastic bio‐based composites and activated carbon are viable alternatives for the use of these residues.

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Cellulose Nanofiber vs Nanocrystals From Pineapple Leaf Fiber: A Comparative Studies on Reinforcing Efficiency on Starch Nanocomposites

Cited by 37 publications

References 29 publications

Green Nanocomposites Based on Thermoplastic Starch: A Review

Green Nanocomposites Based on Thermoplastic Starch: A Review

The Role of Structure and Interactions in Thermoplastic Starch–Nanocellulose Composites

Analysis and availability of lignocellulosic wastes: Assessments for Indonesia and Peru

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