Cellulose nanocrystals in the development of biodegradable materials: A review on CNC resources, modification, and their hybridization

Babaei-Ghazvini, Amin; Vafakish, Bahareh; Patel, Ravi; Falua, Kehinde James; Dunlop, Matthew J.; Acharya, Bishnu

doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128834

Cited by 18 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 226 publications

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“…The π-π interaction in untreated flax fillers showed that lignin phenolic rings were present. Generally, C2, C3, and C4 were predominantly derived from cellulose [3,35,36] and hemicellulose. The decrease in the C1 intensity of alkali-treated flax indicated the effective removal of lignin in the flax by sodium hydroxide, whereas C2 showed a significant increase in their peaks owing to the emergence of hydroxyl groups on the surfaces (Figure 3c).…”

Section: X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of Polylactic Acid Films with Alkali- and Acetylation-Treated Flax and Hemp Fillers via Solution Casting Technique

Pokharel,

Falua,

Babaei-Ghazvini

et al. 2024

Polymers

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This study aims to enhance value addition to agricultural byproducts to produce composites by the solution casting technique. It is well known that PLA is moisture-sensitive and deforms at high temperatures, which limits its use in some applications. When blending with plant-based fibers, the weak point is the poor filler–matrix interface. For this reason, surface modification was carried out on hemp and flax fibers via acetylation and alkaline treatments. The fibers were milled to obtain two particle sizes of <75 µm and 149–210 µm and were blended with poly (lactic) acid at different loadings (0, 2.5%, 5%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) to form a composite film The films were characterized for their spectroscopy, physical, and mechanical properties. All the film specimens showed CO/OH groups and the π-π interaction in untreated flax fillers showed lignin phenolic rings in the films. It was noticed that the maximum degradation temperature occurred at 362.5 °C. The highest WVPs for untreated, alkali-treated, and acetylation-treated composites were 20 × 10−7 g.m/m2 Pa.s (PLA/hemp30), 7.0 × 10−7 g.m/m2 Pa.s (PLA/hemp30), and 22 × 10−7 g.m/m2 Pa.s (PLA/hemp30), respectively. Increasing the filler content caused an increase in the color difference of the composite film compared with that of the neat PLA. Alkali-treated PLA/flax composites showed significant improvement in their tensile strength, elongation at break, and Young’s modulus at a 2.5 or 5% filler loading. An increase in the filler loadings caused a significant increase in the moisture absorbed, whereas the water contact angle decreased with an increasing filler concentration. Flax- and hemp-induced PLA-based composite films with 5 wt.% loadings showed a more stable compromise in all the examined properties and are expected to provide unique industrial applications with satisfactory performance.

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Section: X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This imparts unique features and peculiar advantages to each bioplastic and its applicability. As precursors for bioplastics, starch and cellulose are widely used, benefiting from their affordability and biodegradability [3,4]. Notwithstanding, their poor mechanical properties in their natural state have been reported as major drawbacks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Polylactic Acid Films with Alkali- and Acetylation-Treated Flax and Hemp Fillers via Solution Casting Technique

Pokharel,

Falua,

Babaei-Ghazvini

et al. 2024

Polymers

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“…Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are green, environmentally friendly, inexpensive nanomaterials that can be extracted from various plants and have desirable physical and chemical properties [11]. CNCs also possess excellent nanoscale properties and are commonly used as reinforcing fillers and packaging materials in various applications [12]. Their sizeable specific surface areas, combined with the abundance of inter-and intramolecular hydrogen bonds in their internal chemical structures, enable the formation of tight structures that hinder the passage of molecules [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Erythrosine–Dialdehyde Cellulose Nanocrystal Coatings for Antibacterial Paper Packaging

Shi,

Ouyang,

Rahmadiawan

2024

Polymers

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Though paper is an environmentally friendly alternative to plastic as a packaging material, it lacks antibacterial properties, and some papers have a low resistance to oil or water. In this study, a multifunctional paper-coating material was developed to reduce the use of plastic packaging and enhance paper performance. Natural cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) with excellent properties were used as the base material for the coating. The CNCs were functionalized into dialdehyde CNCs (DACNCs) through periodate oxidation. The DACNCs were subsequently complexed using erythrosine as a photosensitizer to form an erythrosine–CNC composite (Ery-DACNCs) with photodynamic inactivation. The Ery-DACNCs achieved inactivations above 90% after 30 min of green light irradiation and above 85% after 60 min of white light irradiation (to simulate real-world lighting conditions), indicating photodynamic inactivation effects. The optimal parameters for a layer-by-layer dip coating of kraft paper with Ery-DACNCs were 4.5-wt% Ery-DACNCs and 15 coating layers. Compared to non-coated kraft paper and polyethylene-coated paper, the Ery-DACNC-coated paper exhibited enhanced mechanical properties (an increase of 28% in bursting strength). More than 90% of the bacteria were inactivated after 40 min of green light irradiation, and more than 80% were inactivated after 60 min of white light irradiation.

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Chiral nematic cellulose nanocrystal composites: An organized review

De France

2024

Can J Chem Eng

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Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are commercially available materials derived from cellulose, the most abundant biopolymer on our planet. Due largely to their high strength, high surface area‐to‐volume ratio, tailorable surface chemistry, and the abundance of biomass feedstocks with which to produce them, CNCs have attracted significant interest in applications spanning the paints and coatings, composites, packaging, and biomedical sectors. However, and perhaps most interestingly, CNCs will self‐assemble (or, as I've teased in the title, organize) to form highly ordered chiral nematic liquid crystal phases when concentrated in suspension. Upon complete solvent evaporation, this chiral nematic order is ‘locked’, yielding films with structural colour—colour arising not due to chemical pigments, but rather due to the physical structure of a material itself. In the pursuit of novel multi‐functional materials, research interest has shifted recently towards the incorporation of functional additives to form composite chiral nematic films. Along with introducing the basics of liquid crystals and self‐assembly, this review discusses the main approaches used in order to form CNC‐based composite films: co‐assembly, templating, and post‐processing, and highlights exceptional examples in each case. Finally, I give my uniquely Canadian perspective on the current status, future prospects, and major challenges associated with the development of CNC‐based chiral nematic composite materials.

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Cellulose nanocrystals in the development of biodegradable materials: A review on CNC resources, modification, and their hybridization

Cited by 18 publications

References 226 publications

Development of Polylactic Acid Films with Alkali- and Acetylation-Treated Flax and Hemp Fillers via Solution Casting Technique

Development of Polylactic Acid Films with Alkali- and Acetylation-Treated Flax and Hemp Fillers via Solution Casting Technique

Erythrosine–Dialdehyde Cellulose Nanocrystal Coatings for Antibacterial Paper Packaging

Chiral nematic cellulose nanocrystal composites: An organized review

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