Cellulose nanocrystals from lignocellulosic feedstock: a review of production technology and surface chemistry modification

Raza, Mohsin; Abu-Jdayil, Basim

doi:10.1007/s10570-021-04371-y

Cited by 31 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 214 publications

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“…27 CNCs generally produced from agricultural waste biomass and forest industry wastes such as cotton stalks, corncobs, wheat straw, coconut husks, maize straws, and pea hull fibers. 28,29 As per the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization report, the annual production of dates in 2018 was approximately 8.7 million tons, with the majority of the products originating from the Middle East and North Africa region. 30 Annually, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) accounts for 14% of global total date fruit production.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and Characterization of Cellulose Nanocrystals from Date Palm Waste

et al. 2022

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This study presents the isolation, characterization, and kinetic analyses of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from date palm waste in the United Arab Emirates. After bleaching date palm stem waste with acidified NaClO 2 and delignification via NaOH treatments, cellulose was extracted. Mineral acid hydrolysis (62 wt % H 2 SO 4 ) was performed at 45 °C for 45 min to produce crystalline nanocellulose. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and chemical composition analysis confirmed the removal of noncellulosic constituents. The crystallinity index increased gradually with chemical treatments, according to the obtained X-ray diffraction (XRD) results. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry results revealed that the CNC has high thermal stability. The Coats–Redfern method was used to determine the kinetic parameters. The kinetic analysis confirmed that CNC has more activation energy than cellulose and thus confirms its compact and resistive crystalline structure. This has been attributable to the stronger hydrogen bonding in CNC crystalline domains than that in cellulose crystalline domains. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that lignin and hemicellulose were eliminated after chemical pretreatments, and CNC with a rodlike shape was obtained after hydrolysis. Moreover, transmission electron microscopy confirmed the nanoscale of crystalline cellulose. ζ potential analysis indicated that the CNC afforded a stable suspension (−29.27 mV), which is less prone to flocculation. Kinetic analyses of cellulose and cellulose nanocrystals isolated from date palm waste are useful for making composites and designing selective pyrolysis reactors.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and Characterization of Cellulose Nanocrystals from Date Palm Waste

et al. 2022

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“…[16][17][18] Chemical treatments involve using various chemicals to modify the chemical composition of the BF surface layer of BFs. 17,19,20 Das et al used sodium bicarbonate to treat natural fibers in an environmentally friendly method, which not only has a positive impact on the mechanical performance of developed polymericcomposites, but also has great commercial potential. 21 Plasma treatments involve subjecting BFs to a plasma environment to modify the surface morphology of the fibers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to improve the adhesive force of PLA/BF composites interface, many strategies have been carried out for modifying BFs using chemical, plasma, or physical treatments 16–18 . Chemical treatments involve using various chemicals to modify the chemical composition of the BF surface layer of BFs 17,19,20 . Das et al used sodium bicarbonate to treat natural fibers in an environmentally friendly method, which not only has a positive impact on the mechanical performance of developed polymericcomposites, but also has great commercial potential 21 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardanol derivatives as compatibilizers for strengthening and toughening polylactic acid/bamboo fiber bio‐composites

et al. 2023

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The application of bamboo fibers (BFs) as a reinforcing filler in polylactic acid (PLA) is hindered by their poor compatibility owing to the intrinsic hydrophilia of BFs and the hydrophobicity of PLA. To solve this issue, cardanol (CD) and epoxidized cardanol glycidyl ether (ECGE) were used as compatibilizers to strengthen and toughen PLA/BF bio‐composites, to the best of our knowledge, preparing PLA/BF/CD and PLA/BF/ECGE bio‐composites. The impact strengths of the synthesized bio‐composites increased from 7.75 to 23.75 and 7.75 to 23.95 kJ/m2, respectively, compared with that of a PLA/BF composite without compatibilizer. The investigation of the mechanical properties, crystallization, fractured surface morphology, and solvent stress‐cracking resistance properties revealed that the toughening mechanism of the PLA/BF/CD bio‐composites are mainly based on the plasticization of CD, which results in high impact toughness but low tensile strength. Moreover, the modification with ECGE improves the impact and tensile strengths of the bio‐composite owing to the following factors: (1) the epoxy groups of ECGE generate strong interactions with the BF surface and PLA to form an enhanced interfacial structure; (2) when present at high concentrations, chain extension reaction between ECGE and PLA to increase the molecular chain entanglement of PLA; and (3) upon curing and crosslinking, ECGE forms an entangled network structure that toughens the matrix.

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“…If the carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentration continues to grow, there will be an average increase of 1.1 C to 6.4 C in the world's average temperature by the end of this century. 5,6 Renewable sources of energy have a great prospect in this scenario. 7,8 Renewable energy sources like biomass, solar, wind, hydel, and geothermal are green resources for renewable energy production.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It also shows that the international community is far from meeting the 1.5°C target. If the carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentration continues to grow, there will be an average increase of 1.1°C to 6.4°C in the world's average temperature by the end of this century 5,6 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainability of biodiesel production using immobilized enzymes: A strategy to meet future bio‐economy challenges

Raza

Ali

Inayat

et al. 2022

Intl J of Energy Research

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Summary Biodiesel is an evolving energy substitute for petroleum‐based fuel products. In terms of antropogenic impacts, it is an environmentally friendly and sustainable energy source. Biodiesel is produced from a wide variety of biomass materials and its production costs are mainly related to the feedstock and production process. Transesterification is the most commonly used method for biodiesel production. Enzymatic transesterification using lipase‐enzyme has certain advantages over acid‐alkaline transesterification. The issues relating to enzyme stability, separation, and recyclability in enzymatic transesterification are further improved using immobilized enzymes. Here, we review the potential of immobilized‐enzyme technology in biodiesel production as a safer strategy to meet the needs of a sustainable future economy and will conduct future research studies. We critically analyze the state‐of‐the‐art and latest research on the production of biodiesel using immobilized lipase enzymes. Results indicate that liquid lipase's immobilization increases the stability, reactivity, and reusability and significantly decreases biodiesel production costs

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Cellulose nanocrystals from lignocellulosic feedstock: a review of production technology and surface chemistry modification

Cited by 31 publications

References 214 publications

Isolation and Characterization of Cellulose Nanocrystals from Date Palm Waste

Isolation and Characterization of Cellulose Nanocrystals from Date Palm Waste

Cardanol derivatives as compatibilizers for strengthening and toughening polylactic acid/bamboo fiber bio‐composites

Sustainability of biodiesel production using immobilized enzymes: A strategy to meet future bio‐economy challenges

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