Cellulose nanocrystals–blended zirconia/polysulfone composite separator for alkaline electrolyzer at low electrolyte contents

Lee, Jung Won; Lee, Jae Hun; Lee, ChangSoo; Cho, Hyun‐Seok; Kim, Min-Joong; Kim, Sang-Kyung; Joo, Jong Hoon; Cho, Won Chul; Kim, Chang-Hee

doi:10.1016/j.cej.2021.131149

Cited by 45 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…However, increasing porosity and hydrophilicity with the presence of inorganic fillers simultaneously facilitates electrolyte permeation and induces a diminished capacity for gas separation. 83 Furthermore, the effect of gas crossover becomes especially pronounced when fluctuating renewable energy is utilized as a power supply since operation at a lower current density and pressure difference is promoted.…”

Section: Electrolytesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, dense anion exchange membranes (AEMs) have been made of organic materials, including trimethylammonium-functionalized polystyrenes, brominated polysulfone backbones with quaternary ammonium side-chain groups and polyaniline, and have attracted considerable attention for their smaller area resistance. Distinct from porous diaphragms that rely on absorbed liquid electrolytes to pass through OH – , AEMs have an obviously reduced thickness (normally 10–50 μm) and intrinsic capacity for conducting OH – in less-concentrated alkaline solutions or even pure water. Nevertheless, the disadvantage of this remarkable performance is an insufficient gas separation ability caused by the diffusion of extensive dissolved gases through a much shorter distance, which becomes critical when fluctuating renewable energy is employed as a power supply.…”

Section: Elevated Temperature Alkaline Electrolysis Cells (Et-aecs)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Water Electrolysis toward Elevated Temperature: Advances, Challenges and Frontiers

et al. 2023

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Since severe global warming and related climate issues have been caused by the extensive utilization of fossil fuels, the vigorous development of renewable resources is needed, and transformation into stable chemical energy is required to overcome the detriment of their fluctuations as energy sources. As an environmentally friendly and efficient energy carrier, hydrogen can be employed in various industries and produced directly by renewable energy (called green hydrogen). Nevertheless, large-scale green hydrogen production by water electrolysis is prohibited by its uncompetitive cost caused by a high specific energy demand and electricity expenses, which can be overcome by enhancing the corresponding thermodynamics and kinetics at elevated working temperatures. In the present review, the effects of temperature variation are primarily introduced from the perspective of electrolysis cells. Following an increasing order of working temperature, multidimensional evaluations considering materials and structures, performance, degradation mechanisms and mitigation strategies as well as electrolysis in stacks and systems are presented based on elevated temperature alkaline electrolysis cells and polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis cells (ET-AECs and ET-PEMECs), elevated temperature ionic conductors (ET-ICs), protonic ceramic electrolysis cells (PCECs) and solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs).

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Section: Electrolytesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Elevated Temperature Alkaline Electrolysis Cells (Et-aecs)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Electrolysis toward Elevated Temperature: Advances, Challenges and Frontiers

et al. 2023

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“…Current novel alkaline approaches focus on composite membranes like polybenzimidazole incorporating graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (PBI/g‐C 3 N 4 ) and pore‐filling polytetrafluoroethylene/layered double hydroxide (PTFE/LHD), 230‐234 and Ru nanoclusters on nitrogen‐doped graphene as catalyst 235 . For AEM, Ni‐based catalysts and polysulfone (PSF) or polystyrene (PS) hydrocarbon polymer backbone membranes they are the most accepted in more recent developments 236‐239 …”

Section: Sun Heat and Electricity For Water Splitting‐based Hydrogen ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…235 For AEM, Ni-based catalysts and polysulfone (PSF) or polystyrene (PS) hydrocarbon polymer backbone membranes they are the most accepted in more recent developments. [236][237][238][239]…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sun, heat and electricity. A comprehensive study of non‐pollutant alternatives to produce green hydrogen

Mancera

Segura

Andújar

et al. 2022

Intl J of Energy Research

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Summary Water‐based hydrogen production is currently an attractive research field, as it provides a greener method to produce hydrogen than existing alternatives. Green hydrogen is expected to progressively replace fossil fuels, which are highly harmful environmentally. This paper presents a critical analysis over time of the main water splitting technologies currently in use for sustainable hydrogen production. As a result of the critical analysis, all the studied techniques have been ordered chronologically in the way that it is possible to understand how new materials have driven to new techniques, more efficient and less expensive. This allows having a complete vision of these technologies. A high level of maturity has been reached in electrolysis, while other techniques still have a long way to go, although many improvements and relevant advancements have been made over the years. The paper offers a global and comparative vision of each technology. From this, it is possible to identify the different paths where efforts are needed to make water‐based hydrogen production a mature, stable and efficient technology.

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“…Nevertheless, in our opinion, this common sense does not consider several advancements achieved in the design of highly performant electrocatalysts and diaphragms for AELs, which can lead to energy efficiency comparable to those of Pt-group metals (PGMs, e.g ., Pt and Ir)-based PEMELs. ( Schalenbach et al, 2016 ), ( Lee et al, 2022 ) In addition, based on the average data of worldwide currently operating MW-scale AEL plants, 2 and considering that their CAPEX are depreciated on the plant lifetime (10 + years, e.g. , 20–30 years) 3 , OPEX represent the most impacting costs for the green hydrogen productions for “long-living” AEL plants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-current density alkaline electrolyzers: The role of Nafion binder content in the catalyst coatings and techno-economic analysis

et al. 2022

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We report high-current density operating alkaline (water) electrolyzers (AELs) based on platinum on Vulcan (Pt/C) cathodes and stainless-steel anodes. By optimizing the binder (Nafion ionomer) and Pt mass loading (mPt) content in the catalysts coating at the cathode side, the AEL can operate at the following (current density, voltage, energy efficiency -based on the hydrogen higher heating value-) conditions (1.0 A cm−2, 1.68 V, 87.8%) (2.0 A cm−2, 1.85 V, 79.9%) (7.0 A cm−2, 2.38 V, 62.3%). The optimal amount of binder content (25 wt%) also ensures stable AEL performances, as proved through dedicated intermittent (ON-OFF) accelerated stress tests and continuous operation at 1 A cm−2, for which a nearly zero average voltage increase rate was measured over 335 h. The designed AELs can therefore reach proton-exchange membrane electrolyzer-like performance, without relying on the use of scarce anode catalysts, namely, iridium. Contrary to common opinions, our preliminary techno-economic analysis shows that the Pt/C cathode-enabled high-current density operation of single cell AELs can also reduce substantially the impact of capital expenditures (CAPEX) on the overall cost of the green hydrogen, leading CAPEX to operating expenses (OPEX) cost ratio <10% for single cell current densities ≥0.8 A cm−2. Thus, we estimate a hydrogen production cost as low as $2.06 kgH2−1 for a 30 years-lifetime 1 MW-scale AEL plant using Pt/C cathodes with mPt of 150 μg cm−2 and operating at single cell current densities of 0.6–0.8 A cm−2. Thus, Pt/C cathodes enable the realization of AELs that can efficiently operate at high current densities, leading to low OPEX while even benefiting the CAPEX due to their superior plant compactness compared to traditional AELs.

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Cellulose nanocrystals–blended zirconia/polysulfone composite separator for alkaline electrolyzer at low electrolyte contents

Cited by 45 publications

References 64 publications

Water Electrolysis toward Elevated Temperature: Advances, Challenges and Frontiers

Water Electrolysis toward Elevated Temperature: Advances, Challenges and Frontiers

Sun, heat and electricity. A comprehensive study of non‐pollutant alternatives to produce green hydrogen

High-current density alkaline electrolyzers: The role of Nafion binder content in the catalyst coatings and techno-economic analysis

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