Cellulose nanocomposites reinforced with bacterial cellulose sheets prepared from pristine and disintegrated pellicle

Santmartí, Alba; Zhang, Hanyu; Lappalainen, Timo; Lee, Koon‐Yang

doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2020.105766

Cited by 17 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…This specific attribute of nanocellulose opens new applications that cannot be achieved with pulp fibres. The high surface area of nanocellulose leads to large number of contact points between adjacent fibres, which in turn gives rise to cellulose nanopaper with superior mechanical properties over conventional paper (Mao et al, 2017;Kontturi et al, 2021) that can be used as two-dimensional reinforcement for polymers (Santmarti et al, 2019;Santmarti et al, 2020). The high surface area of nanocellulose also leads to higher coverage of micrometre-sized natural or waste fibres, binding them into robust and rigid fibreboards (Lee et al, 2014b;Fortea-Verdejo et al, 2016;Vilchez et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the BET Surface Area of Nanocellulose Determined Using Volumetric, Gravimetric and Chromatographic Adsorption Methods

et al. 2021

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Volumetric N2 adsorption at −196°C is generally accepted as “gold standard” for estimating the Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) surface area of nanocellulose. It is unclear however, whether the BET surface area of nanocellulose obtained at such low temperatures and pressures is meaningful at an absolute sense, as nanocellulose is used at ambient temperature and pressure. In this work, a systematic evaluation of the BET surface area of nanocellulose using highly crystalline bacterial cellulose (BC) as model nanocellulose was undertaken to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the limitations of BET method for nanocellulose. BET surface area obtained using volumetric N2 adsorption at −196°C was compared with the BET surface area acquired from gravimetric experiments based on n-octane adsorption using dynamic vapour sorption (DVS) and n-octane adsorption determined by inverse gas chromatography (iGC), both at 25°C. It was found that the BET surface area calculated from volumetric N2 adsorption data was 25% lower than that of n-octane adsorption at 25°C obtained using DVS and iGC adsorption methods. These results supported the hypothesis that the BET surface area of nanocellulose is both a molecular scale (N2vs n-octane, molecular cross section of 0.162 nm2vs 0.646 nm2) and temperature (−196°C vs 25°C) dependent property. This study also demonstrates the importance of selecting appropriate BET pressure range based on established criteria and would suggest that room temperature measurement is more relevant for many nanocellulose applications.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the BET Surface Area of Nanocellulose Determined Using Volumetric, Gravimetric and Chromatographic Adsorption Methods

et al. 2021

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“…Prior to tensile test, the manufactured BC nanopapers were prepared following our previously described work 19 , 26 . Briefly, BC nanopapers were cut into rectangular test specimens with an overall length of 35 mm and a width of 5 mm using a Zwick/Roell ZCP 020 manual cutting press (Zwick Testing Machines Ltd., UK).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The global demand for cellulose nanofibres in 2018 was 10,000 tons and this demand is estimated to increase to more than 70,000 tons by the year 2030 3 , with the highest volume in the paper and packaging sectors, whereby cellulose nanopaper is anticipated to be an important material structure 4 – 10 . In addition to this, cellulose nanopaper is often explored for various advanced engineering applications, including membrane for water filtration 11 – 13 , substrate for flexible electronics 14 , 15 and more recently as two-dimensional reinforcement for polymers 16 – 19 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anomalous tensile response of bacterial cellulose nanopaper at intermediate strain rates

Santmartí

Liu

Herrera

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Nanocellulose network in the form of cellulose nanopaper is an important material structure and its time-dependent mechanical response is crucial in many of its potential applications. In this work, we report the influences of grammage and strain rate on the tensile response of bacterial cellulose (BC) nanopaper. BC nanopaper with grammages of 20, 40, 60 and 80 g m−2 were tested in tension at strain rates ranging from 0.1% s−1 to 50% s−1. At strain rates $$\le$$ ≤ 2.5% s−1, both the tensile modulus and strength of the BC nanopapers stayed constant at ~ 14 GPa and ~ 120 MPa, respectively. At higher strain rates of 25% s−1 and 50% s−1 however, the tensile properties of the BC nanopapers decreased significantly. This observed anomalous tensile response of BC nanopaper is attributed to inertial effect, in which some of the curled BC nanofibres within the nanopaper structure do not have enough time to uncurl before failure at such high strain rates. Our measurements further showed that BC nanopaper showed little deformation under creep, with a secondary creep rate of only ~ 10–6 s−1. This stems from the highly crystalline nature of BC, as well as the large number of contact or physical crosslinking points between adjacent BC nanofibres, further reducing the mobility of the BC nanofibres in the nanopaper structure.

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“…[ 14 ] In particular, cellulose produced by bacteria is a versatile, cell‐friendly, and robust biopolymer [ 15 ] with excellent tensile strength (73–194 MPa) [ 15,16 ] and toughness (2–25 MJ m −3 ). [ 15b,16,17 ] Bacterial cellulose is produced by the fermentation of bacteria such as Gluconacetobacter hansenii and Komagataeibacter rhaeticus . [ 18 ] Bacterial cellulose has a nano‐fibrous architecture and absorptive capabilities, [ 19 ] which when used as a support for microalgal bioprints might allow nutrients to diffuse and reach the microalgal cells, thereby supporting their growth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 13 ] Materials present in nature possess better mechanical properties than the reported bioprinted living materials because of their hierarchical structure. [ 14 ] In particular, cellulose produced by bacteria is a versatile, cell‐friendly, and robust biopolymer [ 15 ] with excellent tensile strength (73–194 MPa) [ 15,16 ] and toughness (2–25 MJ m −3 ). [ 15b,16,17 ] Bacterial cellulose is produced by the fermentation of bacteria such as Gluconacetobacter hansenii and Komagataeibacter rhaeticus .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioprinting of Regenerative Photosynthetic Living Materials

Balasubramanian

Meyer

et al. 2021

Adv Funct Materials

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Living materials, which are fabricated by encapsulating living biological cells within a non‐living matrix, have gained increasing attention in recent years. Their fabrication in spatially defined patterns that are mechanically robust is essential for their optimal functional performance but is difficult to achieve. Here, a bioprinting technique employing environmentally friendly chemistry to encapsulate microalgae within an alginate hydrogel matrix is reported. The bioprinted photosynthetic structures adopt pre‐designed geometries at millimeter‐scale resolution. A bacterial cellulose substrate confers exceptional advantages to this living material, including strength, toughness, flexibility, robustness, and retention of physical integrity against extreme physical distortions. The bioprinted materials possess sufficient mechanical strength to be self‐standing, and can be detached and reattached onto different surfaces. Bioprinted materials can survive stably for a period of at least 3 days without nutrients, and their life can be further extended by transferring them to a fresh source of nutrients within this timeframe. These bioprints are regenerative, that is, they can be reused and expanded to print additional living materials. The fabrication of the bioprinted living materials can be readily up‐scaled (up to ≥70 cm × 20 cm), highlighting their potential product applications including artificial leaves, photosynthetic bio‐garments, and adhesive labels.

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Cellulose nanocomposites reinforced with bacterial cellulose sheets prepared from pristine and disintegrated pellicle

Cited by 17 publications

References 37 publications

On the BET Surface Area of Nanocellulose Determined Using Volumetric, Gravimetric and Chromatographic Adsorption Methods

On the BET Surface Area of Nanocellulose Determined Using Volumetric, Gravimetric and Chromatographic Adsorption Methods

Anomalous tensile response of bacterial cellulose nanopaper at intermediate strain rates

Bioprinting of Regenerative Photosynthetic Living Materials

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