Cellulose graft copolymers. II. Graft copolymerization of ethyl acrylate with γ‐irradiated cellulose from acetone–water systems

Nakamura, Yoshio; Hinojosa, Oscar; Arthur, Jett C.

doi:10.1002/app.1970.070140322

Cited by 21 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Studies of the radicals formed on polysaccharides have been conducted since before 1977 [142][143][144][145][146][147]. The many radicals produced in polysaccharides and the numerous reactions that these can participate in makes them difficult to properly identify.…”

Section: Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (Epr)mentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Mechanism of the Ionizing Radiation-Induced Degradation and Recycling of Cellulose

List,

Gonzalez-Lopez,

Ashfaq

et al. 2023

Polymers

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The use of ionizing radiation offers a boundless range of applications for polymer scientists, from inducing crosslinking and/or degradation to grafting a wide variety of monomers onto polymeric chains. This review in particular aims to introduce the field of ionizing radiation as it relates to the degradation and recycling of cellulose and its derivatives. The review discusses the main mechanisms of the radiolytic sessions of the cellulose molecules in the presence and absence of water. During the radiolysis of cellulose, in the absence of water, the primary and secondary electrons from the electron beam, and the photoelectric, Compton effect electrons from gamma radiolysis attack the glycosidic bonds (C-O-C) on the backbone of the cellulose chains. This radiation-induced session results in the formation of alkoxyl radicals and C-centered radicals. In the presence of water, the radiolytically produced hydroxyl radicals (●OH) will abstract hydrogen atoms, leading to the formation of C-centered radicals, which undergo various reactions leading to the backbone session of the cellulose. Based on the structures of the radiolytically produced free radicals in presence and absence of water, covalent grafting of vinyl monomers on the cellulose backbone is inconceivable.

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Section: Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (Epr)mentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Mechanism of the Ionizing Radiation-Induced Degradation and Recycling of Cellulose

List,

Gonzalez-Lopez,

Ashfaq

et al. 2023

Polymers

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Similarly, styrene-cellulose copolymers have been made, using hydroxyl radicals (147) as initiators or catalysts. Irradiation from gamma sources has been successfully used to graft ethyl acrylate onto cellulose (148). Other energetic radiation schemes are expected to be efficient as initiating methods.…”

Section: Resin-bonded Cellulose Separatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The graft copolymerization of monomers onto cellulose has been pursued most actively using methyl methacrylates and related monomers (126,148,150,151,(153)(154)(155). Styrene has been studied (146,156), as has vinylpyridine (157) and methylvinylpyridine (158).…”

Section: Resin-bonded Cellulose Separatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resin‐Bonded Cellulose Separators: An Overview with Prognoses

Dafler¹

1978

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Resin-bonded cellulose separators are very widely used in the starting, lighting, and ignition battery industry. Since their appearance and maturity, they have undergone systematic improvements, but their basic shortcomings have remained. Separator development is reviewed here, and the pertinent structure and chemistry of the cellulose substrate is discussed. The current literature, which indicates that improvements in substrate character and acid resistance can be made, isalso reviewed.In 1917, almost the beginning of the modern starting, lighting, and ignition battery industry, Brooks pointed out the lead-accumulator was unexcelled in portable service applications (1). Separators at that time were wood veneer and were superior to anything in use despite the stringent requirements of their manufacture. At that time, only treated wood possessed good wicking action and reasonable conductivity and held active material in place against vibration and the eroding action of hydrogen generated on overcharge. Other materials had been tried, but until the microporous hard rubber separator appeared, wood veneers and combinations of wood and other materials dominated separator practice. Eyanson developed an unglazed porcelain membrane with incorporated lead spacers (2), but this product undoubtedly gave a cell of high internal resistance. Sperry developed a perforated, corrugated, hard rubber sheet that was really a simple, open spacer (3). ~he earliest hard rubber separators, used as adjuncts to wood, were approximately 30% porous. Batteries in which they were used were poor for cranking purposes (4).Hardy and Hungerbuhler (5) experimented with artificial stone for making separator membranes. They compressed and then baked silicates, feldspars, bone, and lime to form refractory porous sheets. Rodman (6, 7) experimented with techniques to make porous glass separators, developing membranes of sand or fine glass powder flitted together.In 1910, Flanders described an untreated wood veneer separator using a well-defined rib structure (8), and after this a number of wood/hard rubber combinations were developed. Carpenter (9) coa'~ed thin wood sheets with' vulcanized rubber, and Chamberlain described a process to produce wood veneers machined so that the ribs were integral to the separator structure (10). Gould's patent, describing the use of hard rubber and wood laminated together, appeared in 1916 (11).Many battery researchers applied themselves to the separator problem between Brooks's time and the period during which the resin-bonded paper separator appeared, then matured. One of the more interesting * Electrochemical Society Active Member, 1 Present address: Institute of Gas Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616.inventions was Bliss's (12) ingenious attempt to make a porous phenol-formaldehyde sheet. He mixed asbestos and zinc with resin, polymerized it, and removed the zinc with acid. A number of other inventions included a separator of chopped bird feathers and sodium sulfite (13), bitumen-impregnated felts (14), roofing fel...

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γ‐Radiation–induced emulsion graft copolymerization of MMA onto jute fiber

2002

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Graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) onto jute substrate was carried out using gamma radiation ( 60 Co) both by the preirradiation and "simultaneous irradiation and grafting" methods in an aqueous emulsion system. The variation of graft weight with radiation dose, intensity of radiation, and irradiation environment was investigated. In the case of the preirradiation method, irradiation in air produced up to 30% graft weight compared to only 20% obtained when the irradiation was conducted in nitrogen environment. In this method the graft copolymerization reaction was initiated by reactive species having different life times, some of which were very long. In simultaneous irradiation and grafting method, the graft weight passes through a maximum value (∼15%) with radiation dose and graft weight limited due to excessive homopolymerization. A comparative study on the mechanical properties of samples grafted by both preirradiation and simultaneous irradiation and grafting methods was carried out. The results showed that the method of grafting has significant influence on the mechanical properties of grafted jute.

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Cellulose graft copolymers. II. Graft copolymerization of ethyl acrylate with γ‐irradiated cellulose from acetone–water systems

Cited by 21 publications

References 7 publications

On the Mechanism of the Ionizing Radiation-Induced Degradation and Recycling of Cellulose

On the Mechanism of the Ionizing Radiation-Induced Degradation and Recycling of Cellulose

Resin‐Bonded Cellulose Separators: An Overview with Prognoses

γ‐Radiation–induced emulsion graft copolymerization of MMA onto jute fiber

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