Cellulose and Its Nano-Derivatives as a Water-Repellent and Fire-Resistant Surface: A Review

Tavakoli, Mehrnoosh; Ghasemian, A; Dehghani-Firouzabadi, M.; Mazela, Bartłomiej

doi:10.3390/ma15010082

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 101 publications

(209 reference statements)

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“…This coating has the capacity to generate a protective barrier that produces resilience towards many compounds, which include water droplets, gases such as carbon dioxide and oxygen, volatile components, and grease. This feature enables nanocellulose coatings suitable for use in food packaging [48].…”

Section: Ic Nanocellulose Fiber-reinforced Nylon Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nanocellulose has tremendous potential as an effective replacement for established fossil-derived and synthetic polymers in the field of cellulosic surface coverings [48].…”

Section: II Nanocellulose Fibers For Functional Textile Coatingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Future difficulties for nanocellulose-based coatings include the development of dual-function coatings that are water-repellent [48].…”

Section: II Nanocellulose Fibers For Functional Textile Coatingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nanocellulose in Textiles: A Potential Resource for Sustainable Textile Manufacturing

Sayam

2023

Preprint

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In recent times, there has been a discernible focus on the development of environmentally friendly and sustainable biomaterials obtained from renewable sources. Scientists are now investigating the prospective applications of nanocellulose, a biocompatible substance derived from natural cellulose. The aforementioned substance exhibits notable characteristics, such as a substantial surface area to volume ratio, with its compatibility with biological systems and capacity to undergo degradation. Nanocellulose has the capability to undergo transformation into nanofibers and nanocrystals, so enabling the generation of diverse structures, including elongated nanofibers, suspensions, and films. In the textile industry, there is a growing need to adopt sustainable techniques in order to address and minimize the negative environmental impacts. The current focus is on the advancement of environmentally sustainable alternatives in the realm of textile production, namely cellulose-based materials. These textiles are being created using processes that aim to minimize water pollution. In addition, recent advancements in dyeing methods have used nanocellulose to effectively reduce water consumption and eliminate the need for toxic materials. Nanocellulose nanocomposites, such as nanofibrillated celluloses (NFCs) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), are increasingly used as fillers in textile nanocomposites to enhance their mechanical characteristics due to their cost-effectiveness and recyclability. The advancements achieved in the field of nanocellulose-based materials and technology exhibit considerable promise in the development of ecologically friendly solutions across several industries.

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Section: Ic Nanocellulose Fiber-reinforced Nylon Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nanocellulose has tremendous potential as an effective replacement for established fossil-derived and synthetic polymers in the field of cellulosic surface coverings [48].…”

Section: II Nanocellulose Fibers For Functional Textile Coatingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nanocellulose in Textiles: A Potential Resource for Sustainable Textile Manufacturing

Sayam

2023

Preprint

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“…This accumulates on the surface and forms a protective barrier that inhibits flames. Phosphorus flame retardants can not only promote the formation of a carbon layer to isolate the exchange of matter and energy but also produce free radicals that are responsible for extinguishing the thermal decomposition reaction [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fire Properties of Paper Sheets Made of Cellulose Fibers Treated with Various Retardants

Szubert,

Mazela,

Tomkowiak

et al. 2024

Materials

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This article presents the results of flame-retardancy tests conducted on cellulose sheets produced using a Rapid Köthen apparatus treated with retardants. The agents used were potassium carbonate (PC) K2CO3 (concentrations of 20; 33.3; and 50% wt/wt), monoammonium phosphate (MAP) NH4H2PO4 (concentrations of 35% wt/wt), diammonium phosphate (DAP) (NH4)2HPO4 (concentrations of 42.9% wt/wt), and bisguanidal phosphate (FOS) C2H10N6 (concentrations of 22.5% wt/wt). The agents were used to improve Kraft cellulose-based sheets’ flame-retardant properties and compare their performances. As part of the study, the flammability of the materials was determined by the following methods: an oxygen index (OI) test, a mass loss calorimeter (MLC) test, and a mini fire tube (MFT) test. All formulations showed an increase in flame retardancy compared to the control test. All protected samples were non-flammable for OI determinations, and DAP-protected samples showed the highest OI index. For the MLC test, DAP-protected and MAP-protected samples showed the best heat-release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR), and average heat-release rate (ARHE) (samples did not ignite for 600 s). In the MFT test, all treated samples had comparably reduced weight loss. The best parameter was achieved for MAP and DAP (15% weight loss).

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“…Production of the so-called charring effect could lead to an improvement in biopolymer fire behavior. This means that the inclusion of phosphorus or nitrogen-containing flame retardants in polymer configuration after chemical modification, derived from the formed protective char layer, causes a reduction in the heat transferring to the sublayers, as well as the volatile fuels and heat release rate (HRR), eventually resulting in the appearance of the self-intumescent phenomenon [ 1 , 2 , 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Strength and Fire Properties of Paper Sheets Made of Phosphorylated Cellulose Fibers

Tavakoli,

Mazela,

Grześkowiak

et al. 2023

Molecules

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Phosphorylated cellulose can be an intrinsic flame retardant and a promising alternative for halogenated fire inhibitors. In this study, the mixture of di-ammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAP) and urea (U), containing phosphate and nitrogen groups, was applied to attain fire inhibitor properties. Functional groups of cellulose were grafted with phosphorous by keeping the constant molar ratio of 1/1.2/4.9 between anhydroglucose units of cellulose/DAP/U in different concentrations of bleached kraft pulp. Phosphorus concentrations were determined using the ICP hrOES method, and paper sheets were made using the Rapid Köthen apparatus. The tensile strength of phosphorylated cellulose increased twice compared with unmodified cellulose when the phosphorous concentration increased to 10,000 g/kg. An increase in the tensile index comes from the higher freeness of pulp and cross-linking of the phosphorous group between cellulose fibers. Remarkable fire retardancy effects were achieved in cellulose concentrations above 5 wt%. The raised phosphorous concentration above 10,000 g/kg due to the phosphorylation process caused the formation of a char layer on a cellulose surface and the nonflammable gas emission. That effect was indirectly confirmed by reducing the combustion temperature and HRR by 50 and 45%, respectively. Due to increasing phosphorus concentration in cellulose sheets, cellulose’s fire and strength properties increased significantly.

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Cellulose and Its Nano-Derivatives as a Water-Repellent and Fire-Resistant Surface: A Review

Cited by 9 publications

References 101 publications

Nanocellulose in Textiles: A Potential Resource for Sustainable Textile Manufacturing

Nanocellulose in Textiles: A Potential Resource for Sustainable Textile Manufacturing

Fire Properties of Paper Sheets Made of Cellulose Fibers Treated with Various Retardants

The Strength and Fire Properties of Paper Sheets Made of Phosphorylated Cellulose Fibers

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