Cellulose and Derivatives from Wood and Fibers as Renewable Sources of Raw-Materials

Cellulose: A review as natural, modified and activated carbon adsorbent

“…The complete hydrolysis of cellulose in the presence of acid gives glucose, which confirms the fact that cellulose is made up of glucose units (Hon, 1994). The b-D-glucose units combine together by covalent bonds between the equatorial OH group of C-4 of one glucose unit and the C-1 carbon atom of the next glucose unit to form cellulose and can be characterized by its properties such as biodegradability, hydrophilicity, chirality and broad chemical modifying capacity (Emsley and Stevens, 1994;Figueiredo et al, 2010;Klemm et al, 2005). It is interesting to note that the hydroxyl groups of the cellulose chain at both ends show different behaviour such as the C-1 end of cellulose shows reducing properties, while the C-4 hydroxy group of the same chain is non-reducing (Klemm, 1998).…”

“…Raw material Cellulose (%) Hemicellulose (%) Lignin (%) Ash (%) Gopal and Mathew (1986) Jute fibre 61 24 11.5 1.6 Phan et al (2006) Jute fibre 58-63 20-22 -0.62 Gopal and Mathew (1986) Jute stick 40.8 32.9 23.5 0.8 Figueiredo et al (2010) Low Nor et al, 2013;Tran et al, 2015) are available on lignocellulosic materials discussing their role as adsorbents and even a few reviews specifically for adsorption of heavy metals by modification of cellulose (O'Connell et al, 2008) are also available. Besides these, the use of the other principal constituent of lignocellulosic materials, namely lignin, as an adsorbent material has been reviewed too (Suhas et al, 2007).…”

“…Cellulose (Demirbas, 2008;Figueiredo et al, 2010;Huber et al, 2012;Klemm, 1998;Kocherbitov et al, 2008) is a linear syndiotactic homopolymer with molecular formula (C 6 H 10 O 5 ) n and made up of D-anhydroglucopyranose units (AGU), commonly called glucose units. The glucose units combine together by b-(l-4)-glycosidic bonds to form a dimer known as cellobiose which is a fundamental unit of cellulose (Fig.…”

Isolation, characterization and enzymatic modification of water soluble xylans from Eucalyptus grandis wood and sugarcane bagasse

“…9 The use of xylans in place of starch and cellulose as coating, emulsifying, encapsulation and replacement of synthetic additives 10,11 would require techniques for reducing their solubility in water, which is the most frequently used solvent in processing lignocellulosic biomass. The removal of the side groups is one of the strategies that can be used to reduce the solubility of xylan leading to precipitation in water.…”

Development of novel cellulose-based functional materials

“…• (advanced) analytical characterization [13,14]; • new routes of modification (modification under homogeneous (acylation, sulfation, nucleophilic displacement reactions, amino celluloses, etc.) and heterogeneous conditions) [4,[15][16][17][18][19];…”