Cellulose acetate from oil palm empty fruit bunches waste as biodegradable microbeads for making scrubs

Nadiratuzzahra, Syarifah; Tristantini, Dewi

doi:10.1063/5.0005117

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Figure 4 shows a peak between 2900.30 to 2927.22 cm -1, an aliphatic CH stretching associated with the methylene group in cellulose (Nadiratuzzahra et al, 2020). As is known, lignin is a multifunctional natural polymer built by oxidative compounds from C6-C3 chains with phenylpropanoid units, forming random structures in a three-dimensional network with certain interunit bonds.…”

Section: Efb Cellulose Characterization Using Ftirmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of cellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunches by fast delignification process with different solvents

Dimawarnita,

Faramitha,

Prakoso

et al. 2023

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Cellulose extraction typically begins with a delignification reaction using conventional methods, namely alkaline treatment. So far, the delignification process using alkaline treatment requires quite a long time, which is over 6 hours of the cooking process, so the cost to produce cellulose is quite large. The delignification approach using a variety of solvents is needed to answer the current problem, which is to shorten the reaction time. In this study, two types of solvents were carried out for the delignification process of EFB, namely NaOH and H2O2, while the time used for the delignification process was 15 minutes. Parameters of research observations included levels of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose.Extraction of cellulose from EFB using H2O2 and NaOH produced cellulose content of 52.76% and 66.46%, respectively. However, based on visual results of treatment using NaOH are still brown in color which indicates that lignin is still contained in EFB. The Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR)and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) characterization results before and after delignified EFB showed that a peak of 3301.75 cm−1 dominated the functional group that show cellulose, with the highest crystallinity index of 12.43% in the H2O2 treatment. The results of Thermogravimetry Analysis (TGA)and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analyses showed that EFB before and after treatment were different, which can be observed from the loss of lignin structure and TGA values which began to degrade at 351.78°C. Therefore, based on this research the best solvent for fast delignification of EFB was H2O2 (only need 15 min).

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Section: Efb Cellulose Characterization Using Ftirmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The tendency of the material to be hydrophilic is also reflected in the peak of 3100 to 3700 cm −1 . The presence of OH bonds is related to the water content or hydroxyl groups present in cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin (Nadiratuzzahra et al, 2020).…”

Section: Efb Cellulose Characterization Using Ftirmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of cellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunches by fast delignification process with different solvents

Dimawarnita,

Faramitha,

Prakoso

et al. 2023

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“…Figure 4 shows that bacterial cellulose has four main peaks located in the wave number range of 1026; 1637; 2889, and 3259 cm −1 . The wave number in the range of 1026 cm −1 is the C-O-C functional group [15], the wave number in the range of 3259 cm −1 is the -OH functional group [16], while the range in the wave number is 2889 cm −1 indicates the presence of a C-H functional group which is the main bond in cellulose [15,17] and 1637 cm −1 is carboxylic acid (C = O) [18]. The two bonds are bonded to each other and cause the formation of a hexagonal structure of carbon atoms.…”

Section: Ftir Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Acetobacter xylinum Concentration to Bacterial Cellulose Production Using Waste Water of Palm Flour Industry as Fermentation Medium

Rahmayetty¹,

yulvianti²,

Toha³

et al. 2022

Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference for Smart Agriculture, Food, and Environment (ICSAFE 2021)

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Bacterial cellulose (BC) is produce extracellularly by acetic acid bacteria through oxidative fermentation. Utilization of waste water of palm flour industry as a medium for bacterial cellulose production is a new breakthrough, because the palm flour industry is quite large in Banten and an effort to reduce environmental pollution due to the waste. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Acetobacter xylinum concentration to the bacterial cellulose production. In this study, it was found that the concentration of Acetobacter xylinum greatly affects the bacterial cellulose produced. The highest yield of bacterial cellulose was 60.7% at 15% Acetobacter xylinum concentration.

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“…20 While natural alternatives like nut shells, seeds, or pumice can provide exfoliation, these alternatives often have sharp, irregular edges and lack the predictable rheological properties of plastic microbeads. 21,22 Additionally, these products can cause microabrasions due to the sharp edges, causing damage to the skin if regularly used. 18,23 Thus, to effectively compete with and replace commercial microbeads, sustainable alternatives should ideally be able to be processed into multiple morphologies for different applications.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Scalable and Surfactant-Free Emulsion Method for Producing Microbeads from Varied Biomass Feedstocks

Robertson,

Miller,

Rott

et al. 2024

Langmuir

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Despite national and international regulations, plastic microbeads are still widely used in personal care and consumer products (PCCPs). These exfoliants and rheological modifiers cause significant microplastic pollution in natural aquatic environments. Microbeads from nonderivatized biomass like cellulose and lignin can offer a sustainable alternative to these nondegradable microplastics, but processing this biomass into microbeads is challenging due to limited viable solvents and high biomass solution viscosities. To produce biomass microbeads of the appropriate size range for PCCPs (ca. 200−800 μm diameter) with shapes and mechanical properties comparable to those of commercial plastic microbeads, we used a surfactant-free emulsion/precipitation method, mixing biomass solutions in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EMImAc) with various oils and precipitating with ethanol. While yield of microbeads within the target size range highly depends on purification conditions, optimized protocols led to >90% yield of cellulose microbeads. Kraft lignin was then successfully incorporated into beads at up to 20 wt %; however, higher lignin contents result in emulsion destabilization unless surfactant is added. Finally, the microbead shape and surface morphology can be tuned using oils of varying viscosities and interfacial tensions. Dripping measurements and pendant drop tensiometry confirmed that the higher affinity of cellulose for certain oil/IL interfaces largely controlled the observed surface morphology. This work thus outlines how biomass composition, oil viscosity, and interfacial properties can be altered to produce more sustainable microbeads for use in PCCPs, which have desirable mechanical properties and can be produced over a wide range of shapes and surface morphologies.

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Cellulose acetate from oil palm empty fruit bunches waste as biodegradable microbeads for making scrubs

Cited by 13 publications

References 17 publications

Characterization of cellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunches by fast delignification process with different solvents

Characterization of cellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunches by fast delignification process with different solvents

The Effect of Acetobacter xylinum Concentration to Bacterial Cellulose Production Using Waste Water of Palm Flour Industry as Fermentation Medium

A Scalable and Surfactant-Free Emulsion Method for Producing Microbeads from Varied Biomass Feedstocks

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