Cellular toxicity of fecal water depends on diet

Rafter, Joseph; Child, Peter; Anderson, A.; Alder, Rob; Eng, Vincent W.S.; Bruce, W. R.

doi:10.1093/ajcn/45.3.559

Cited by 117 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…These results are in good agreement with our murine data (19) and are consistent with recent reports showing that a certain percentage of NASH-associated hepatocellular carcinoma arises from the non-cirrhotic liver (42) and HSCs exhibit proinflammatory phenotype rather than fibrogenic phenotype during cellular senescence (45). Although we do not have a definitive answer yet, these findings, in conjunction with published reports (16,30,34,(43)(44)(45)(46), strongly suggest that DCA-induced senescent HSCs may contribute to at least certain aspects of obesity-associated hepatocellular carcinoma development in human as well (see Fig. 1).…”

Section: Relevance To Human Diseasesupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Taken together, although the magnitude of the observed relative risk from existing studies is not consistent, it is clear that obesity increases the risk of liver cancer. These reports, together with the observations that the relative proportion of Firmicutes (Gram-positive bacteria) in gut microbiota is reportedly increased in obese people (30) and high fat consumption causes higher fecal DCA concentrations in healthy volunteers (43,44), prompted us to examine whether SASP is also associated with human obesity-induced liver cancers. Indeed, signs of cellular senescence and SASP were observed in the HSCs without serious fibrosis in the area of hepatocellular carcinoma arising in patients with NASH (19).…”

Section: Relevance To Human Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

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Obesity and Cancer: A Gut Microbial Connection

2014

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Multiple epidemiological studies have revealed that excess bodyweight, such as in people who are overweight or obese (defined by a body mass index higher than 25 kg/m 2 ), is a major risk factor for not only diabetes and cardiovascular diseases but also cancer. Effective strategies for obesity prevention are therefore needed for cancer prevention. However, because the prevalence of excess bodyweight in most developed countries has been increasing markedly over the past several decades, with no signs of abating, alternative approaches are also required to conquer obesity-associated cancer. Therefore, we sought to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying obesity-associated cancer. Although several phenomena have been proposed to explain how obesity increases cancer risk, the exact molecular mechanisms that integrate these phenomena have remained largely obscure. Recently, we have traced the association between obesity and increased cancer risk to gut microbiota communities that produce a DNA-damaging bile acid. The analyses also revealed the role of cellular senescence in cancer, which we have been studying for the past few decades. In this review, we provide an overview of our work and discuss the next steps, focusing on the potential clinical implications of these findings. Cancer Res; 74(7);

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Section: Relevance To Human Diseasesupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Relevance To Human Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity and Cancer: A Gut Microbial Connection

2014

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“…It has been hypothesized that these luminal factors are involved in the carcinogenesis of the colorectal mucosa [34,35]. In particular, fecal bile acids have been shown to promote colorectal neoplasia in animal models [36,37,38]. However, associations between stool transit time and colorectal cancer [39] or adenomatous polyps [40] were not observed in humans.…”

Section: Biological Evidence Supporting An Association Between Hyperimentioning

confidence: 99%

Hyperinsulinaemia and hyperglycaemia: possible risk factors of colorectal cancer among diabetic patients

2003

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Hyperinsulinaemia and hyperglycaemia are two possible risk factors for colorectal cancer, which constitutes the third leading cause of cancer death in Western countries. Molecular evidence as well as animal models provide support for these associations: Insulin has been shown to be an important growth factor for colonic carcinoma cells, and both insulin and insulinlike growth factor-1 receptors have been detected in colon cancer tissue. The insulin-signal transduction pathway is involved in the regulation of gene expression and apoptosis. The role of hyperglycaemia in carcinogenesis could include pathways via luminal factors (related to fecal bile acid concentrations, stool bulk, and prolonged transit time) or circulatory factors (via glucose as the only energy source for neoplastic cells). This review summarizes the epidemiologic literature with respect to hyperinsulinaemia and hyperglycaemia as risk factors for colorectal cancer, and aims to integrate the biological and epidemiological evidence. Epidemiologic findings to date indicate a slightly increased risk of colorectal cancer for diabetic patients; however, there are some inconsistencies. Possible explanations for these inconsistencies include inadequate information about patients' diabetic disease and treatment states. We suggest that future studies should take medical history, staging and treatment for hyperinsulinaemia and hyperglycaemia into account to further our understanding of the role of hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia in colorectal carcinogenesis. [Diabetologia (2003) 46:595-607]

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“…Cytotoxicity of faecal water was assessed using a slightly modi®ed version of the method described by Rafter et al (1987).…”

Section: Faecal Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of consumption of milk fermented by Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota on the intestinal microflora and immune parameters in humans

1998

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Objective: To determine the effect of consumption of milk fermented by Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota (L. casei Shirota) on the composition and metabolic activities of the intestinal micro¯ora, and immune parameters in humans. Subjects: Twenty healthy male subjects aged 40±65 years were selected. Design: A placebo-controlled trial was performed in which 10 subjects were randomly assigned to a control and 10 to a treatment group. During the ®rst and last two weeks of the 8-week study the subjects received a strictly controlled diet without fermented products. The same controlled diet was given during the intermediate 4-week test period but then the treatment group received three times daily 100 ml of fermented milk containing 10 9 CFU L. casei Shirotaaml, whereas the same amount of unfermented milk was given to the subjects in the control group. Results: In comparison to the control group, the consumption of L. casei Shirota-fermented milk resulted in an increase of the Lactobacillus count in the faeces in which the administered L. casei Shirota was predominant at the level of 10 7 CFUag wet faeces. This was associated with a signi®cant increase in Bi®dobacterium counts (P`0.05). Some shifts in the other bacterial species were found, such as a decreased number of Clostridium; however the differences were not statistically different between the treatment and the control groups.The b-glucuronidase and b-glucosidase activities per 10 10 bacteria decreased signi®cantly (P`0.05) at the second week of the 4-week test period with the consumption of L. casei Shirota-fermented milk. Furthermore, the consumption of the fermented milk product resulted in a slight but signi®cant increase in the moisture content of the faecal samples (P`0.05). No treatment effects were observed for any of the immune parameters measured (including natural killer (NK) cell activity, phagocytosis and cytokine production). Conclusions:The results suggest that consumption of L. casei Shirota-fermented milk is able to modulate the composition and metabolic activity of the intestinal¯ora and indicate that L. casei Shirota-fermented milk does not in¯uence the immune system of healthy immunocompetent males.

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Cellular toxicity of fecal water depends on diet

Cited by 117 publications

References 8 publications

Obesity and Cancer: A Gut Microbial Connection

Obesity and Cancer: A Gut Microbial Connection

Hyperinsulinaemia and hyperglycaemia: possible risk factors of colorectal cancer among diabetic patients

The effect of consumption of milk fermented by Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota on the intestinal microflora and immune parameters in humans

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