Cellular Stress: Modulator of Regulated Cell Death

Abstract

Cellular stress response activates a complex program of an adaptive response called integrated stress response (ISR) that can allow a cell to survive in the presence of stressors. ISR reprograms gene expression to increase the transcription and translation of stress response genes while repressing the translation of most proteins to reduce the metabolic burden. In some cases, ISR activation can lead to the assembly of a cytoplasmic membraneless compartment called stress granules (SGs). ISR and SGs can inhibit apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis, suggesting that they guard against uncontrolled regulated cell death (RCD) to promote organismal homeostasis. However, ISR and SGs also allow cancer cells to survive in stressful environments, including hypoxia and during chemotherapy. Therefore, there is a great need to understand the molecular mechanism of the crosstalk between ISR and RCD. This is an active area of research and is expected to be relevant to a range of human diseases. In this review, we provided an overview of the interplay between different cellular stress responses and RCD pathways and their modulation in health and disease.

Fragile X Messenger Ribonucleoprotein Protein and Its Multifunctionality: From Cytosol to Nucleolus and Back

“…A variety of environmental, endogenous, and genetic factors can induce a cellular stress response by forming SGs and inhibiting general protein translation [58]. This response is triggered by the phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) by PKR [59].…”