Cellular Senescence: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential

Abstract

Cellular senescence is a complex and multistep biological process which cells can undergo in response to different stresses. Referring to a highly stable cell cycle arrest, cellular senescence can influence a multitude of biological processes—both physiologically and pathologically. While phenotypically diverse, characteristics of senescence include the expression of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype, cell cycle arrest factors, senescence-associated β-galactosidase, morphogenesis, and chromatin remodelling. Persistent senescence is associated with pathologies such as aging, while transient senescence is associated with beneficial programmes, such as limb patterning. With these implications, senescence-based translational studies, namely senotherapy and pro-senescence therapy, are well underway to find the cure to complicated diseases such as cancer and atherosclerosis. Being a subject of major interest only in the recent decades, much remains to be studied, such as regarding the identification of unique biomarkers of senescent cells. This review attempts to provide a comprehensive understanding of the diverse literature on senescence, and discuss the knowledge we have on senescence thus far.

Interleukin-13 promotes cellular senescence through inducing mitochondrial dysfunction in IgG4-related sialadenitis

“…Another common feature of senescent cells is growth arrest. 16 We then performed cell counting kit 8 (CCK8) assay to determine how IL-13 affected cell proliferation. The proliferation ability of SMG-C6 was significantly decreased by 50, 100, and 150 ng·mL −1 IL-13 treatment for 4 days (Fig.…”

Chrysin and Capsaicin induces premature senescence and apoptosis via mitochondrial dysfunction and p53 elevation in Cervical cancer cells

“…Senescence is a condition in which a cell undergoes a persistent growth arrest and stops dividing. It can be stimulated by low dose stresses like DNA damage, exposure to UVB, oxidative stress, etc ( Liao et al, 2021 ). Whereas, apoptosis is the phenomenon of programmed cell death, an extreme response to cellular stress and damage ( Vicencio et al, 2008 ).…”

Involvement of inflammatory responses in the brain to the onset of major depressive disorder due to stress exposure

“…Aging is well-known to cause changes leading to immune system decline, a process called "immunosenescence" (Pietrobon et al, 2020). In addition, a previous report has shown that the elderly have mild chronic inflammation and that inflammatory proteins and growth factors are constantly increasing in the elderly brain and a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) mediates the transport of these factors extracellularly (Gamage et al, 2020;Liao et al, 2021;Blagosklonny, 2022). However, the increased levels of inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6, are very low in the elderly, and this mild chronic inflammation in the elderly, called "inflammaging, " is one of the health indicators of the elderly (Rea et al, 2018;Pietrobon et al, 2020).…”