Cellular Responses in Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Treated with Three Endodontic Materials

Abstract

Human dental pulp stem cells (HDPSCs) are of special relevance in future regenerative dental therapies. Characterizing cytotoxicity and genotoxicity produced by endodontic materials is required to evaluate the potential for regeneration of injured tissues in future strategies combining regenerative and root canal therapies. This study explores the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity mediated by oxidative stress of three endodontic materials that are widely used on HDPSCs: a mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA-Angelus white), an epoxy resin sealant (AH-Plus cement), and an MTA-based cement sealer (MTA-Fillapex). Cell viability and cell death rate were assessed by flow cytometry. Oxidative stress was measured by OxyBlot. Levels of antioxidant enzymes were evaluated by Western blot. Genotoxicity was studied by quantifying the expression levels of DNA damage sensors such as ATM and RAD53 genes and DNA damage repair sensors such as RAD51 and PARP-1. Results indicate that AH-Plus increased apoptosis, oxidative stress, and genotoxicity markers in HDPSCs. MTA-Fillapex was the most cytotoxic oxidative stress inductor and genotoxic material for HDPSCs at longer times in preincubated cell culture medium, and MTA-Angelus was less cytotoxic and genotoxic than AH-Plus and MTA-Fillapex at all times assayed.

Tricalcium silicate cements: osteogenic and angiogenic responses of human bone marrow stem cells

“…Indeed, in vitro assays with cell cultures are commonly used to investigate cell behavior and biological responses in specific situations. The results of these in vitro assays are relevant to clinical conditions and provide an appropriate model for screening the properties of different dental materials prior to in vivo studies.…”

Biocompatibility of Root Canal Sealers: A Systematic Review of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

“…In terms of the material setting condition, 23 studies evaluated root canal sealers in fresh or freshly mixed state, 15 in set condition with 24 h incubation, 15 in both freshly mixed and set conditions, and 20 in a set condition with other or multiple times of incubation. Concerning the cell models used for cell viability assessment (Table A2), several studies used cultures of human cells, namely: dental follicle-derived mesenchymal stem cells [23], tooth germderived stem cells [40], bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells [49], gingival fibroblasts [31,[50][51][52][53][54][55][56], dental pulp stem cells [57], osteoblasts [23,41,46,[58][59][60][61], periodontal ligament cells [26,28,39,45,48,[62][63][64][65][66], human osteoblast-like cells (MG63) [38,42,67,68], cervical carcinoma cells or human cervical carcinoma cells (HeLa) cells [33,37] and THP-1 human monocytic cells [36]. Other cell…”

“…However, a cytotoxic effect of bioactive sealers was also reported in comparison with other materials, either similar-compared to epoxy resin-based [23,51,64,73,74] or calcium hydroxide-based [26] sealers-or lower compared to zinc oxide-eugenol-based [39,41,45,46,66,74,75], epoxy resin-based [23,39,40,49,52,61,66,[73][74][75][76], methacrylate resin-based [39,41], or other materials [67]. Some studies reported a higher cytotoxic effect of MTA Fillapex ® compared with epoxy resin-based sealers in set condition [23,40,51,57,61,66,71]. Although one study [51] showed no cytotoxic effect by Endosequence BC TM , one study [49] showed lower cytotoxicity than the epoxy resin-based AH Plus TM and similar to BioRoot TM RCS, and one study [43] showed a higher cytotoxicity compared to AH Plus TM in set material conditions but lower than PCS.…”

Cytogenetic Comparison of Bioceramic, Silicone, and Methacrylate Resin Sealers on T Lymphocytes (Micronuclei Analysis)

“…At the conclusion of the setting time, there are a decreasing number of hydroxyl ions, thus neutralizing the pH. Loushine et al found that bioceramic sealers required a final setting time of 160-240 h and released elements that affected the viability of periodontal ligament cells [18,19].…”