Cellular, Molecular, and Physiological Aspects of In Vitro Plant Regeneration

Abstract

Plants generally have the highest regenerative ability because they show a high degree of developmental plasticity. Although the basic principles of plant regeneration date back many years, understanding the cellular, molecular, and physiological mechanisms based on these principles is currently in progress. In addition to the significant effects of some factors such as medium components, phytohormones, explant type, and light on the regeneration ability of an explant, recent reports evidence the involvement of molecular signals in organogenesis and embryogenesis responses to explant wounding, induced plant cell death, and phytohormones interaction. However, some cellular behaviors such as the occurrence of somaclonal variations and abnormalities during the in vitro plant regeneration process may be associated with adverse effects on the efficacy of plant regeneration. A review of past studies suggests that, in some cases, regeneration in plants involves the reprogramming of distinct somatic cells, while in others, it is induced by the activation of relatively undifferentiated cells in somatic tissues. However, this review covers the most important factors involved in the process of plant regeneration and discusses the mechanisms by which plants monitor this process.

Alkaloids Analysis of Habranthus cardenasianus (Amaryllidaceae), Anti-Cholinesterase Activity and Biomass Production by Propagation Strategies

“…In-vitro culture is large scale micropropagation using tissue culture techniques [ 23 ]. Micropropagation is possible due to the totipotentiality of plant cells, which is the ability to regenerate a complete plant under the appropriate stimuli [ 17 , 24 ]. Micropropagation is very useful in breeding programs because it produces a uniform quality of commercial plants, with a high multiplication rate, little genetic variability, and a stable production of the metabolites of interest [ 23 ].…”

Natural Variation in Plant Pluripotency and Regeneration

“…Curiously, the effects of photoperiod, light quantity, and spectrum are not always consistent between species as light is required for shoot morphogenesis in petunia [ 161 ], whereas it is not essential in tomato (although altered light–dark cycles do affect direct shoot regeneration) [ 162 ]. The use of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) could provide a cost-effective solution to address specific requirements for light intensity and wavelength in different systems [ 6 ]. Similar paradoxical observations were made for temperature effects, as both a 3-day cold pretreatment and incubation at high temperatures can increase callus formation in Arabidopsis , indicating the existence of an optimum for every system [ 44 , 158 ].…”

“…Similar strategies have been used to increase the production of therapeutic metabolites from in vitro cultures of Swertia paniculata and Bryophyllum [ 180 , 181 ]. Advanced treatments based on antibiotics, electric currents, and nanoparticles could further help to overcome recalcitrance [ 6 ]. Finally, further study is required to explain how regeneration might be linked to climate adaptation.…”

“…The advantages of the approach include a large propagation factor, while the fixation of strong genotypes because of asexual reproduction and extensive control over the culture conditions ensures high-yielding phenotypes [ 5 ]. On the other hand, genetic homogeneity should be carefully monitored to avoid somaclonal variations that might arise during subculture, unless these are desirable for selection purposes [ 6 ]. Other applications are virus sanitization and the development of transgenic crops, which requires regeneration from tissues or protoplasts transformed with a particular genetic construct.…”

The Past, Present and Future of Cannabis sativa Tissue Culture

“…Unfortunately, understanding of the biochemistry and metabolism of Cannabis beyond the cannabinoid pathways is limited and represents a necessary area of future study. To date, several studies [120][121][122][123][124] showed that the gene expression pattern of endogenous PGRs and the balance between endogenous and exogenous PGRs play an important role in regeneration efficiency, especially in recalcitrant plants. For instance, Kumari et al [120] studied the endogenous level of PGRs via UHPLC-MS analysis and its effect on shoot regeneration and somatic embryogenesis of Tulbaghia simmleri.…”