Cellular MicroRNA Expression Profile of Chicken Macrophages Infected with Newcastle Disease Virus Vaccine Strain LaSota

Abstract

Vaccines with live, low-virulence Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains are still the most accepted prevention and control strategies for combating Newcastle disease (ND), a major viral disease that hampers the development of the poultry industry worldwide. However, the mechanism underlying vaccine-mediated innate cell immune responses remains unclear. Here, a high-throughput Illumina sequencing approach was employed to determine cellular miRNA expression profiles in chicken macrophages infected with the LaSota virus, a widely used vaccine strain for mass vaccination programs against ND in poultry. Compared to the control group, 112 and 115 differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs were identified at 24 hpi (hours post inoculation) and 48 hpi, respectively. Meanwhile, 174 DE miRNAs were identified between 24 hpi and 48 hpi. Furthermore, 12 upregulated and 6 downregulated DE miRNAs were observed in common at 24 and 48 hpi compared with 0 hpi. In addition, target prediction and functional analysis of these DE miRNAs revealed significant enrichment for several signaling pathways, especially in the immune-related genes and pathways, such as the RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Our findings not only lay the foundations for further investigating the roles and regulatory mechanisms of miRNA in vaccine-mediated innate cellular immune responses, but also extend new insights into the interactions between the host and NDV infection.

Differential microRNA Expression in Newcastle Disease Virus-Infected HeLa Cells and Its Role in Regulating Virus Replication

“…These miRNAs may reciprocally regulate virus replication. Prior studies have shown that NDV regulates miRNA expression in the cells of avian origins (34)(35)(36)(37). NDV is an oncolytic virus and has widespread anti-tumor activities in preclinical animal models and in clinical trials (30).…”

Gastrodin Inhibits Virus Infection by Promoting the Production of Type I Interferon

“…Innate immune cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells are activated in response to virus infection, which depending on the detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by germline-encoded pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRS), Nod-like receptors and DNA sensors such as cGAS, IFI16, and DDX41 ( Oth et al, 2016 ; Eppensteiner et al, 2019 ). TLR3, 7, 8, and RLR members RIG-I and MDA5 detect the nucleic acid from RNA virus, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), influenza A (H1N1), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) ( El Chamy et al, 2008 ; Mu et al, 2019 ; Rehwinkel and Gack, 2020 ). TLR9 and DNA sensors recognize the viral DNA, after infection with DNA virus, such as herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) ( Unterholzner et al, 2010 ; Gao et al, 2013 ; Xie et al, 2018 ; Briard et al, 2020 ).…”

Distinct miRNA Profile of Cellular and Extracellular Vesicles Released from Chicken Tracheal Cells Following Avian Influenza Virus Infection

“…Recent studies in humans have also demonstrated that cellular miRNAs are capable of regulating translation and replication in RNA viruses by directly binding to the virus genome [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ]. In addition, studies in chickens have identified several miRNAs that are involved in immune responses against avian pathogens, such as avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), and Marek’s disease virus (MDV) [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ]. Moreover, previous studies demonstrated the expression of miRNAs following AIV infections in chickens [ 32 , 33 ].…”