“…These results suggest a developmental role for the glucocorticoid receptor on shaping the serotonergic system and, as a consequence, increasing anxiety-like behavior in both larvae and adults. The acute effect of cortisol is unknown in this species; in goldfish, cortisol rapidly increases Mauthner cell excitability (Bronson and Preuss, 2017), suggesting an acute, non-genomic mechanism to facilitate the brainstem escape network (see below). Finally, in the crucian carp Carassius carassius, the CRF 1 receptor antagonist antalarmin suppresses CAS-elicited responses (Lastein et al, 2008), suggesting a role for CRF in these responses; however, it is not known whether this response is mediated by the hypothalamus or by extra-hypothalamic sites, such as the Dm.…”