Cellular Interaction of Human Skin Cells towards Natural Bioink via 3D-Bioprinting Technologies for Chronic Wound: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Skin substitutes can provide a temporary or permanent treatment option for chronic wounds. The selection of skin substitutes depends on several factors, including the type of wound and its severity. Full-thickness skin grafts (SGs) require a well-vascularised bed and sometimes will lead to contraction and scarring formation. Besides, donor sites for full-thickness skin grafts are very limited if the wound area is big, and it has been proven to have the lowest survival rate compared to thick- and thin-split thickness. Tissue engineering technology has introduced new advanced strategies since the last decades to fabricate the composite scaffold via the 3D-bioprinting approach as a tissue replacement strategy. Considering the current global donor shortage for autologous split-thickness skin graft (ASSG), skin 3D-bioprinting has emerged as a potential alternative to replace the ASSG treatment. The three-dimensional (3D)-bioprinting technique yields scaffold fabrication with the combination of biomaterials and cells to form bioinks. Thus, the essential key factor for success in 3D-bioprinting is selecting and developing suitable bioinks to maintain the mechanisms of cellular activity. This crucial stage is vital to mimic the native extracellular matrix (ECM) for the sustainability of cell viability before tissue regeneration. This comprehensive review outlined the application of the 3D-bioprinting technique to develop skin tissue regeneration. The cell viability of human skin cells, dermal fibroblasts (DFs), and keratinocytes (KCs) during in vitro testing has been further discussed prior to in vivo application. It is essential to ensure the printed tissue/organ constantly allows cellular activities, including cell proliferation rate and migration capacity. Therefore, 3D-bioprinting plays a vital role in developing a complex skin tissue structure for tissue replacement approach in future precision medicine.

Cell secretomes for wound healing and tissue regeneration: Next generation acellular based tissue engineered products

“…sheets, tubes, sponges, powders, fleeces, injectable solutions, hydrogel, dispersions) for different purposes. 146 , 147 The secretomes can be incorporated with biomaterials to fabricate a 3D acellular skin patch as an alternative approach for immediate treatment of skin loss, as illustrated in Figure 4 . The role of collagen in wound healing is to attract fibroblasts and promote the deposition of new collagen into the wound site.…”

Innovative Treatment Strategies to Accelerate Wound Healing: Trajectory and Recent Advancements

“…In addition, bio-inks utilize living cells which can impact the immune response after implantation, therefore, the selection of cells should be considered keeping in mind this crucial point. In skin bioprinting, either primary skin cells such as fibroblasts, melanocytes, keratinocytes, or stem cells are preferred for the fabrication of skin constructs while maintaining all cellular activities after bioprinting [ 209 ]. Another important property of bio-ink includes viscoelastic behavior that influences the skin bioprintability and also affects the cell migration, proliferation, and remodeling of the ECM [ 210 ].…”

A review on contemporary nanomaterial-based therapeutics for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) with special reference to the Indian scenario

“…A global reduction in the area of chronic ulcers has been observed in response to the active treatment of skin substitutes. 190 Integra Dermal Regeneration Template, GraftJacket, Bilayer Matrix Wound Dressing, Dermacell and OASIS Wound Matrix are considered acellular matrices for the treatment of DFUs. GraftJacket is an allograft isolated from human skin, which acts as a scaffold for vascular and cellular growth in wounds.…”