Cellular inflammation of fetal exctsional wounds: Effects of amniotic fluid exclusion

Abstract

The development of an cellular inflammatory response secondary to mechanical wounding has not been observed previously in the fetus. The effect of amniotic fluid exclusion on the inflammatory response in fetal rabbits subjected to full-thickness dorsal excisional wounds on day 25 of gestation (term = 31-32) was examined. The fetuses were either returned immediately to the uterus; a silicone cover was sutured over the wound; or a silicone cover with a centrally located hole was sutured over the wound. Seventy-two hours after wounding, uncovered wounds (19 live fetuses) exhibited only occasional inflammatory cells. Covered wounds (14 live fetuses) showed a pronounced cellular inflammatory response. Partially covered wounds (six live fetuses) showed a peripheral, intermediate response. The findings suggest that amniotic fluid contains factors inhibitory to inflammation, which the cover effectively excludes.

Inhibition of Wound TGF Beta-1 by Celecoxib: A Possible Therapeutic Route for Scar Free Wound

“…From this study, we present evidences that there is an inter-relation and inter-regulation between the -pro inflammatory COX-2 and the profibrotic TGF Beta-1 in wound tissues. Firstly, we demonstrated that COX-2 and TGF Beta-1 showed similar cellular profiles as both were expressed mainly by the infiltrating inflammatory cells in the wound area, this was in line with other studies [52][53][54][55], however, we endorsed our finding by showing for the first time actual colocalization of Cox-2 and TGF Beta-1 on the cellular level in the wound area. Secondarily, demonstrating that both mediators showed a similar pattern of expression in the wound, where COX-2 upregulation and downregulation was associated with a concomitant similar change in TGF Beta-1, this was in line with other studies in different animal models of inflammation [61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70].…”

“…Here, we have shown upregulation of wound COX-2 and TGF Beta-1 during the inflammatory phase of wound. Indeed, high levels of COX-2 results in increase wound PGE2 levels which account for the inflammatory changes associated with wound [58][59][60], COX-2 levels were restored by the usage of anti-inflammatories to relieve post-traumatic inflammation [52][53][54][55]. Investigating the interrelation between the proinflammatory COX-2 and the profibrotic TGF Beta-1 in wound might offer an opportunity to find one of the available anti-inflammatory drugs that can also be antiscarring.…”

“…Here we extended our study to an animal model of wound healing with interest in investigation of the postwounding scars and the role of COX-2 and TGF Beta-1, two mediators believed to have a crucial role in scar formation [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. At time of injury or surgery, the main concern of both the patient and the surgeon is relieving inflammation and achieving wound closure, thus, NSAIDs are routinely used postoperative to achieve this shortterm target [52][53][54][55]. However, wound closure is usually associated with scar formation [56] and this itself is disturbing and could be disfiguring or develop to hypertrophic scars [57] or keloid [34].…”

Histologic effects of amniotic fluid in the early phases of bone healing: an experimental study on rabbits

“…Silicone sheeting was used to cover skin wounds and to isolate them from amniotic fluid in these studies. Authors who utilized the same model reported various results as to whether amniotic fluid displayed a suppressive or an augmentative effect on fetal tissue inflammation [25,27,33]. As no significant difference was detected between the groups, it was concluded that amniotic fluid had no potential effects on soft tissue inflammation.…”

“…Fetal wound healing is characterized by minimal inflammatory response; there are conflicting comments as to the effect of amniotic fluid on the inflammatory response [20,33,42]. Silicone sheeting was used to cover skin wounds and to isolate them from amniotic fluid in these studies.…”